对等连接词(主要是and, or与but三个)用来连接句子中两 个对等的部分(单词或短语)，也可以连接两个对等的从句。所谓 对等，指的是结构与内容两方面都要对称，而且对得越工整越好。 这个要求很容易理解，但是在写作时却常常被忽略而产生错误或 不佳的句子。尤其是在有主、从关系的复句中，或者是简化从句 中，若再岀现对等连接词，稍有不慎就会出错。以“相关词组” (correlatives)出现的对等连接词(如 not… but; not only… but also; both… and; either… or等等)也很容易造成错误。再者，对等连接 词所连接的对等从句中常会为了避免重复而进行省略，这又是一 个容易出错的地方。所以，对等连接词本身固然很单纯，但它在 句中的运用却是变化万千。全世界最难的语法考试一一GMAT (美 国管理研究所入学测验)的语法修辞(Sentence Correction)部分，有 关对等连接词的题目就占了不小的比例。
以下不再赘述简单的观念，直接提供十二则例子来说明对等

连接词与对等从句需注意的地方。这些例子部分模仿GMAT考题 的形态，每一句中都有一部分画了底线，其中包含对等连接词使用 不当所造成的错误。读者可以自我测验一下：先找找看错在哪里, 试着改改看，然后再看后面的说明以及建议的改法。这些例句的性 质相当接近GMAT考题，句型结构多半较长，也比较复杂，其中 包含了本书下一章才会讲解的“简化从句气如果读者一时无法全 部了解，或是不知如何修改，可以先看一下翻译再尝试改改看。
成 The Yangtze River, the most vital source of irrigation water across the width of China and imt）ortant as a transDortation conduit as well, has nurtured the Chinese civilization for millennia.（误）
（长江是横贯中国最重要的灌溉水源，同时也是重要的交通
管道，数千年来孕育着中华文化。）
主要从句的基本句型是：
The Yangtze River has nurtured the Chinese civilization.
主语与动词中间的两个逗号当一对括弧来看，括弧中放的是主 语The Yangtze River的同位语（就是形容词从句简化，省略which is的结果。详情将于“简化从句”单元中介绍）。这个句子就错在 对等连接词and连接的两个部分在结构上并不对称：左边的the most vital source是名词短语，右边的important却是形容词，词类不同, 不适合以对等连接词and连接。底线部分的改法不只一种，但是最
简单的改法就是把右边的词类改为名词类以符合对称的要求，故应 修正为：
The Yangtze River, the most vital source of irrigation water across the width of China
,has nurtured the Chinese civilization for millennia.
（正）
亦 Scientists believe that hibernation is triggered by decreasing environmental temperatures、food shortage, shorter periods of daylight、and by hormonal activity.（误）
（科学家认为引发冬眠的因素包括环境的气温下降、食物短缺、白昼 缩短以及荷尔蒙作用。）
句中画底线的部分是以byA、B. CandbyD的结构来修饰宾 语从句中的动词is triggered。由内容来看A、B、C、D是平行的（都 是引发冬眠的因素），应该以对等的方式来处理。可是原句的处理 方式中，byA、B、C之间缺乏连接词，而and只能连接两个by引 导的介系词短语（by this and by that）,因此原句的结构有语法上的 问题。最佳的修改方式是把A、B、C、D四项平行的因素并列，以 连接词and串连，共同置于单一的介系词之后成为byA、B、C and D的结构，故应修正为：

Scientists believe that hibernation is triggered
environmental temperatures- food shortage, shorter periods of daylight, and hormonal activity.（正）
Smoking by pregnant women may slow the growth and
generally harm the fetus.（误）
（孕妇吸烟可能妨.碍胚胎发育，对胚胎造成一般性的伤害。）
这个句子可视为以下的对等从句的省略：
Smoking by pregnant women may slow the growth of the 1’clus, s. V Of
and it may generally harm the fbtus.
& Ni Oi
这两个对等从句的主语smoking by pregnant women相同，宾 语the fetus也相同。对等从句省略的原则就是，相对应位置如果是 重复的元素就可以省略。这是因为对等从句有相当严格的对称要 求，即使省略掉重复的元素依然能表达清楚。不过在上面这个句子 中，两个宾语扮演的角色不同：在前面的对等从句以fetus为介系 词of的宾语，在后面的对等从句则以fetus为动词harm的宾语。所 以固然可以省略前面的宾语fetus,但是介系词of却不能省略。故 应修正为：
Smoking by pregnant women
the fetus.（正）
281

n Rapid advances in computer technology have enhanced the sDeed of calculation, the quality of graphics, the fbn with computer games, and have lowered prices.（误）
（电脑技术的快速进展提高了计算的速度、图形的品质、电脑
游戏的乐趣，也降低了价格。）
这个句子以speed, quality和fun三者为动词have enhanced的 宾语,三者在内容与结构上都是对等的，可是却没有对等连接词来 连接，反而在后面加上and和have lowered prices连在一起，成为 A、B、CandD的结构，其中A、B、C都是名词短语，D却是动 词短语，这就犯了结构上不对称的毛病。内容上来说，A、B、C是 所增加的三样东西，D则是降低的东西，所以四者的内容也不对 称，不适合并列。修改方法可以把前面三个名词短语用A、Band C的方式连接，第四项“降低价格”这项不对称的元素则不必对等, 而以从属从句简化（详见以后章节）的方式来处理，成为：
Rapid advances in computer technology have enhanced
of calculation、the quality of graphics and the fbn with computer games while lowering prices. （i）
Population density is very low in Canada, the largest country in the Western Hemisphere and it is the second largest in the whole world.（误）
（加拿大人口密度很低，它是西半球最大的国家，也是世界第
二大国。）
这个句子中，the largest country in the Western Hemisphere 是 形容词从句省略掉which is之后留下的名词补语，也就是所谓的同 位语（作为Canada的同位语），置于对等连接词and的左边。但是 连接词右边的 it is the second largest in the whole world 在涵意上虽 然和左边对称，可是却是主要从句的结构，所以结构上并不对称。 对等连接词的要求就是在涵意上、结构上都要尽量对称，所以可将 it is the second largest in the whole world 也改为名词短语以求结构 对称工整，成为：
Population density is very low in Canada,
the Western Hemisphere and the second largest in the whole
..（正）
徳 Once the safety concerns over the new production procedure were removed and with its suneriority to the old one being proved, there was nothing to stop the factory from switching over.（误）
（新的生产程序一旦排除安全方面的顾虑，并且证明它比旧的生 产程序更好，这家工厂就没有理由不作改变了。）
对等连接词and出现在底线之前。它的左边是一个从属从句, 右边却是介系词短语，造成结构上的不对称。可以先把它还原为对 等从句，成为：

The safety concerns over the new production procedure
Si
were removed and its superiority to the old one was proved.
V1 S） V!
这两个对等从句中，主语部分并不相同，动词部分是两个不同 动词的被动态，只有be动词是重复的元素，所以只能省略一个be 动词，成为:
The safety concerns over the new production procedure were removed and its superiority to the old one proved.
这个省略后的对等从句前面加上once （一旦）就成为表示条件 的副词从句，若再附于主要从句之上，就成为符合对称要求的从 句：
Once the safety concerns over the new production procedure were removed and its superiority to the old one proved, there was nothing to stop the factory from switching over.（正）
..H Worker bees in a honeybee hive assume various tasks, such as guarding the entrance, serving as sentinel and to sound a warning at the slightest threat, and exploring outside the nest for areas rich in flowers and, consequently, nectar.（误）
（蜂窝中的工蜂担负各种任务，包括守卫入口、站哨并在威胁来
临时发出警报，以及到巢外寻找富有花朵及花畫的地区。）

句子中在such as之后列举工蜂担负的任务，基本上是A、Band

C的结构，其中B (画底线部分)又可以分成B1与B2——站哨并 发出警报。这两个动作是一体的两面，选择用对等的and来连接 本来十分恰当，只是所连接的两部分serving as sentinel与to sound a warning在结构上一是动名词，一是不定词，并不对称。再看看 A(guarding the entrance)与 C(exploring outside the nest), 都是动名 词，所以Bl与B2也应使用动名词才能对称，于是改为：
Worker bees in a honeybee hive assume various tasks, such as guarding the entrance,
,and exploring outside the nest for
areas rich in flowers and, consequently, nectar.（正）
I Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty built the Great Wall of China in the 3rd century BC, a gigantic construction that meanders from Gansu province in the west through 2,400 km to the Yellow Sea in the east and ranging from 4 to 12 m in width.
（误）
（秦始皇在公元前第三世纪修筑了长城，这是巨大的建筑，从西端的 甘肃垸蜒2,400 里到东端的黄海，宽度由4米至12米不等。）
句中的 a gigantic construction 是 the Great Wall 的同位语，后面 用that meanders…的形容词从句来修饰。对等连接词and的右边（底 线部分）是ranging,可是笼边却找不到Ving的结构可以与它对称。
从意思上来看，右边是讲厚度，左边讲长度的部分只有形容词从句 的动词meanders可能与ranging对称,所以把ranging改成动词ranges 以求对称，成为：
Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty built the Great Wall of China in the 3rd century BC, a gigantic construction that meanders from Gansu province in the west through 2,400 km to the Yellow Sea in the east and from 4 to 12 m in width.（正）
The large number of sizable orders suggests that factory operations are thriving, but that the low-tech nature of the processing indicates that profit margins will not be as high as might be expected.（误）
（从许多巨额订单来看，工厂的营运畅旺，可是加工程
序属于低科技，显示利润幅度可能不像预期那么高
对等连接词but右边是that引导的名词从句，只能与左边的that factory operations are thriving对称。但是如此解释出来的句意不通。 仔细对比but的左右边，发现意思上是另一种形式的对称：
A.The large number of sizable orders suggests something good.
s vo?
B.The low-tech nature of the processing indicates
s v
something bad.
o

这两句在形式与意思上都很对称。其中宾语部分的something good与something bad分别以一个that引导的名词从句来表示。看 出这层对称关系之后就可以明白：but的右边应该与左边的主要从 句对称，两句都是主要从句，不应以从属连接词that来引导，所以 把but右边的that拿掉，成为：
The large number of sizable orders suggests that factory operations are thriving, but the low-tech nature of the processing profit margins will not be as high as might be expected.（正）
Not only is China the world’s most populous state but also the largest market in the 21 st century.（误）
(中国不仅是世界人口最多的国家，也是21世纪最大的市场。)
像not only… but also之类以相关词组(correlatives)岀现的对等 连接词，在对称方面的要求更为严格：not only与but之间所夹的 部分要和but右边对称。原句中把：not only移到句首成倒装句，造 成的结果是它与but之间夹着一个完整的从句。因此but的右边只 有名词短语the largest market…就不对称，应该改为完整的从句, 成为：
Not only is China the world’s most populous state
in the 21 st century.（正）

注意also的位置不一定要和but放在一起。also和only 一样有 强调(focusing)的功能。Not only修饰动词is,与其对称之下also也 和be动词放在一起才好，所以右边是but it is also而不是but also it is …。
11! New radio stations are either overly partisan, resulting in lopsided propaganda, or avoid politics completely, shirking the media’s responsibility as a public watchdog.（误）
（新成立的广播电台不是党派色彩过于鲜明，造成一面倒的 宣传，就是完全避谈政治，推卸了媒体作为大众监察人的责 任。）
相关词组either…or之间所夹的部分也要与or右边对称。原句 中左边是形容词partisan,右边却是动词avoid,无法对称(两个简 化从句resulting…与shirking…在此先不讨论)。可将两边都改为形 容词，成为：
New radio stations
lopsided propaganda, or completely apolitical, shirking the media’s responsibility as a public watchdog.（正）
或者两边都用动词，成为:

New radio stations
resulting in lopsided propaganda or avoid politics completely, thus shirking the media’s responsibility as a public watchdog. （正）
Many modern-day scientists are not atheists, to whom there is no such thing as God; rather agnostics, who refrain from conjecturing about the existence of God, much less His properties.（误）
（许多当代科学家并非无神论者，即不相信有神存在，而是不可知 论者，即不愿妄加臆测神的存在与否，史不愿推断种的属性。）
这一句应该是以not A but B的相关词组来连接两个名词 atheists和agnostics,后面分别附上一个形容词从句。但是原句中 却选择用分号（；）和副词rather来连接。分号可以取代连接词来 连接两个从句，例如：
He’s not an atheist; rather, he believes in agnosticism.
（他不’是无神论者，而是信奉不可知论。）
*可是分号不能取代对等连接词来连接名词短语，更不能取代 not… but的相关词组，所以将相关词组还原成为：

Many modern-day scientists are not atheists, to whom there is no such thing as God, agnostics, who refrain from conjecturing about the existence of God, much less His properties.（正）

请选出最适当的答案填入空格内,
1.Gold not only looks beautiful lasts forever.
(A)and
(B)nevertheless
(C)but also
(D)besides

2. to militarism nor the imposition of a totalitarianism could long guarantee Japan victory in war.

(A)The devotion is neither

(B)Neither is the devotion

(C)The devotion, neither

(D)Neither the devotion

3.Democracy is not the ideal political institution, it is an optimal one.

(A)where

(B)and

(C)so

(D)but

以使句子完整。

4.War is destructive, wasteful, and .

(A)ultimately futile

(B)an ultimately futile exercise

(C)it is ultimately futile

(D)ultimate futility

5.To succeed in this business, you must be either talented hard working.

(A)or be

(B)or

(C)nor

(D)and

6.Not only is fruit cheap in Thailand .

(A)but it also comes in many varieties

(B)but also in many varieties

(C)but also comes in many varieties

(D)and also various

7.Oil painting began with the
Flemish artists, watercolor has been around since ancient cavemen first dug out colored earth from the ground and mixed it with water.
(A)so
(B)and
(C)or
(D)but
8.Her boyfriend is tall, handsome, and .
(A)intelligence
(B)intelligent
(C)intelligently
(D)he is intelligent
9.They plan to shop the whole afternoon and the evening through.
(A)dance
(B)dancing
(C)have danced
(D)will dancing
10.Not only but he also drinks heavily.
(A)he smokes a lot
(B)he does smoke a lot
(C)does he smoke a lot
(D)does smoke a lot
11.The origin of “go” and was in ancient China.
(A)the place of its development
(B)it was developed
(C)it was developed which
(D)the development was there
12.Hawaii is famous for its spectacular volcanoes, friendly people, and .
(A)pleasant
(B)to have pleasant beaches
(C)its beaches are pleasant
(D)pleasant beaches
13.When the eye of a typhoon passes through, the air is still, the humidity high, low.
(A)with air pressure
(B)air pressure being
(C)that the air pressure is
(D)and the air pressure
14.A password consisting of both letters and numerals cannot be easily guessed, be easily cracked by a decoding expert.
(A)nor can it
(B)and cannot it
(C)nor it cannot
(D)it cannot
15.The police detective tried to find clues by and repeatedly questioning the suspect.
(A)careful
(B)carefully
(C)he is careful
(D)to be careful
16.Meteorological satellites help make weather forecasts more accurate and .
(A)more reliably
(B)more reliability
(C)more reliable
(D)it is reliable
17.Controlling the way you spend money is often a more effective way to meet a budget than .
(A)try to make more money
(B)you try to make more money
(C)trying to make more money
(D)you are trying to make more money
18.Allowing children to make small decisions for themselves may contribute to harmony, efficiency and
(A)happiness
(B)they are happy
(C)happily
(D)to happy

19.Contrary to common belief the pencil uses .
(A)lead nor graphite
(B)but lead not graphite
(C)not lead but graphite
(D)graphite but lead
20.Dr. Sun Yat-sen is remembered by Chinese the Ching Dynasty but also fbr laying down the foundations for a new China.
(A)not only overthrew
(B)only not overthrew
(C)not only for overthrowing
(D)fbr not only overthrowing

1.(c)
not only必须有but also配合使用。
2.(D)
neither…nor之间要求对称。nor的右边是名词短语the imposition of a totalitarianism (强加以集权统治),最符合对称要 求的是D中的名词短语the devotion to militarism (奉献于军 国主义)。
3.(D)
上文有not,可看出下文要有but,来表示：“并非前者，而是 后者”。
4.(A)
对等连接词and要求对称。它前面的destructive和wasteful 都是形容词，所以后面也要选形容词(fUtile是“徒劳的”)。
5.(B)
either要和or配合使用，而且要求对称。
6.(A)
not only要与but also配合使用，而且要求对称。Not only后 面是一个倒装的从句，所以but后面也要选从句的构造，故 选A。

7.(D)
空格前后分别是一个完整的句子，这两句话的内容有相反之 处，所以要选表示相反的对等连接词but。
8.(B)
对等连接词and要求对称。tall、handsome和intelligent都是 形容词，可以对称。
9.(A)
and右边用原形动词dance和左边的原形动词shop对称。
10.(C)
Not only移至句首时要用倒装句型。
11.(A)
and左边是名词the origin,右边也要求名词来对称，故选A。 g。指“围棋”，源自日文。
12.(D)
同样是着眼于对称要求。只有D的pleasant beaches可以和 and 左边的 spectacular volcanoes 和 friendly people 对称。
13.(D)
未省略前是 the air is still, the humidity is high, and the air pressure is low这三个以and连接的对等从句，省略掉重复 的be动词之后即得出D。
nor置于句首时要用倒装句型。
15.(B)
and的右边有副词repeatedly,因而左边选副词carefully来 对称。
16.(C)
形容词more reliable可和形容词more accurate对称。
17- (Q
比较级也要求对称。比较的一方是动名词短语controlling the way…,所以在than后面与它比较的另一方应选C, trying to…也是动名词短语。
18.(A)
因为对等连接词and的要求，所以选名词happiness来和名 词 harmony, efficiency 对称。
19.(C)
not… but表示“非前者，是后者”。铅笔用的不是铅，是石 pm
墨。
20.(C)
下文有but also for…,所以空格中要选not only for…来配 合。