「innotop」-

innotop,MySQL及InnoDB事务/状态监控。

章节列表

  • innotop的功能
  • innotop安装
  • 相关命令选项

innotop安装

从发行版的源中安装

#!/bin/sh

# Ubuntu 16.04 LTS:mariadb-client-10.0和mysql-client-5.7中都包含该命令,根据自己的需要来安装。
apt-get install mysql-client-5.7

从源码中安装
到Github上下载源码,下载地址:https://github.com/innotop/innotop.git
安装方法在INSTALL文件中,这里不再介绍。

命令行语法格式

To monitor servers normally:

innotop

To monitor InnoDB status information from a file:

innotop /var/log/mysql/mysqld.err

To run innotop non-interactively in a pipe-and-filter configuration:

innotop –count 5 -d 1 -n

To monitor a database on another system using a particular username and

password:

innotop -u <username> -p <password> -h <hostname>

命令简述

innotop monitors MySQL servers. Each of its modes shows you a different

aspect of what’s happening in the server. For example, there’s a mode for

monitoring replication, one for queries, and one for transactions.

innotop refreshes its data periodically, so you see an updating view.

innotop has lots of features for power users, but you can start and run it

with virtually no configuration. If you’re just getting started, see

“QUICK-START”. Press ‘?’ at any time while running innotop for context-

sensitive help.

快速开始

To start innotop, open a terminal or command prompt. If you have

installed innotop on your system, you should be able to just type

“innotop” and press Enter; otherwise, you will need to change to innotop’s

directory and type “perl innotop”.

With no options specified, innotop will attempt to connect to a MySQL

server on localhost using mysql_read_default_group=client for other

connection parameters. If you need to specify a different username and

password, use the -u and -p options, respectively. To monitor a MySQL

database on another host, use the -h option.

After you’ve connected, innotop should show you something like the

following:

[RO] Query List (? for help) localhost, 01:11:19, 449.44 QPS, 14/7/163 con/run

CXN When Load QPS Slow QCacheHit KCacheHit BpsIn BpsOut

localhost Total 0.00 1.07k 697 0.00% 98.17% 476.83k 242.83k

CXN Cmd ID User Host DB Time Query

localhost Query 766446598 test 10.0.0.1 foo 00:02 INSERT INTO table (

(This sample is truncated at the right so it will fit on a terminal when

running ‘man innotop’)

If your server is busy, you’ll see more output. Notice the first line on

the screen, which tells you that readonly is set to true ([RO]), what mode

you’re in and what server you’re connected to. You can change to other

modes with keystrokes; press ‘T’ to switch to a list of InnoDB

transactions, for example.

Press the ‘?’ key to see what keys are active in the current mode. You

can press any of these keys and innotop will either take the requested

action or prompt you for more input. If your system has Term::ReadLine

support, you can use TAB and other keys to auto-complete and edit input.

To quit innotop, press the ‘q’ key.

命令行支持的选项及含义

innotop is mostly configured via its configuration file, but some of the

configuration options can come from the command line. You can also

specify a file to monitor for InnoDB status output; see “MONITORING A

FILE” for more details.

You can negate some options by prefixing the option name with –no. For

example, –noinc (or –no-inc) negates “–inc”.

–color
Enable or disable terminal coloring. Corresponds to the “color”

config file setting.

–config
Specifies a configuration file to read. This option is non-sticky,

that is to say it does not persist to the configuration file itself.

–count
Refresh only the specified number of times (ticks) before exiting.

Each refresh is a pause for “interval” seconds, followed by requesting

data from MySQL connections and printing it to the terminal.

–delay
Specifies the amount of time to pause between ticks (refreshes).

Corresponds to the configuration option “interval”.

–help
Print a summary of command-line usage and exit.

–host
Host to connect to.

–inc
Specifies whether innotop should display absolute numbers or relative

numbers (offsets from their previous values). Corresponds to the

configuration option “status_inc”.

–mode
Specifies the mode in which innotop should start. Corresponds to the

configuration option “mode”.

–nonint
Enable non-interactive operation. See “NON-INTERACTIVE OPERATION” for

more.

–password
Password to use for connection.

–port
Port to use for connection.

–skipcentral
Don’t read the central configuration file.

–timestamp
In -n mode, write a timestamp either before every screenful of output,

or if the option is given twice, at the start of every line. The

format is controlled by the timeformat config variable.

–user
User to use for connection.

–version
Output version information and exit.

–write
Sets the configuration option “readonly” to 0, making innotop write

the running configuration to ~/.innotop/innotop.conf on exit, if no

configuration file was loaded at start-up.

快捷键

innotop is interactive, and you control it with key-presses.

· Uppercase keys switch between modes.

· Lowercase keys initiate some action within the current mode.

· Other keys do something special like change configuration or show the
innotop license.

Press ‘?’ at any time to see the currently active keys and what they do.

不同的模式

Each of innotop’s modes retrieves and displays a particular type of data

from the servers you’re monitoring. You switch between modes with

uppercase keys. The following is a brief description of each mode, in

alphabetical order. To switch to the mode, press the key listed in front

of its heading in the following list:

A: Health Dashboard
This mode displays a single table with one row per monitored server.

The columns show essential overview information about the server’s

health, and coloration rules show whether replication is running or if

there are any very long-running queries or excessive replication

delay.

B: InnoDB Buffers
This mode displays information about the InnoDB buffer pool, page

statistics, insert buffer, and adaptive hash index. The data comes

from SHOW INNODB STATUS.

This mode contains the “buffer_pool”, “page_statistics”,

“insert_buffers”, and “adaptive_hash_index” tables by default.

C: Command Summary
This mode is similar to mytop’s Command Summary mode. It shows the

“cmd_summary” table, which looks something like the following:

Command Summary (? for help) localhost, 25+07:16:43, 2.45 QPS, 3 thd, 5.0.40

_________________ Command Summary _________________

Name Value Pct Last Incr Pct

Select_scan 3244858 69.89% 2 100.00%

Select_range 1354177 29.17% 0 0.00%

Select_full_join 39479 0.85% 0 0.00%

Select_full_range_join 4097 0.09% 0 0.00%

Select_range_check 0 0.00% 0 0.00%

The command summary table is built by extracting variables from

“STATUS_VARIABLES”. The variables must be numeric and must match the

prefix given by the “cmd_filter” configuration variable. The

variables are then sorted by value descending and compared to the last

variable, as shown above. The percentage columns are percentage of

the total of all variables in the table, so you can see the relative

weight of the variables.

The example shows what you see if the prefix is “Select_”. The

default prefix is “Com_”. You can choose a prefix with the ‘s’ key.

It’s rather like running SHOW VARIABLES LIKE “prefix%” with memory and

nice formatting.

Values are aggregated across all servers. The Pct columns are not

correctly aggregated across multiple servers. This is a known

limitation of the grouping algorithm that may be fixed in the future.

D: InnoDB Deadlocks
This mode shows the transactions involved in the last InnoDB deadlock.

A second table shows the locks each transaction held and waited for.

A deadlock is caused by a cycle in the waits-for graph, so there

should be two locks held and one waited for unless the deadlock

information is truncated.

InnoDB puts deadlock information before some other information in the

SHOW INNODB STATUS output. If there are a lot of locks, the deadlock

information can grow very large, and there is a limit on the size of

the SHOW INNODB STATUS output. A large deadlock can fill the entire

output, or even be truncated, and prevent you from seeing other

information at all. If you are running innotop in another mode, for

example T mode, and suddenly you don’t see anything, you might want to

check and see if a deadlock has wiped out the data you need.

If it has, you can create a small deadlock to replace the large one.

Use the ‘w’ key to ‘wipe’ the large deadlock with a small one. This

will not work unless you have defined a deadlock table for the

connection (see “SERVER CONNECTIONS”).

You can also configure innotop to automatically detect when a large

deadlock needs to be replaced with a small one (see “auto_wipe_dl”).

This mode displays the “deadlock_transactions” and “deadlock_locks”

tables by default.

F: InnoDB Foreign Key Errors
This mode shows the last InnoDB foreign key error information, such as

the table where it happened, when and who and what query caused it,

and so on.

InnoDB has a huge variety of foreign key error messages, and many of

them are just hard to parse. innotop doesn’t always do the best job

here, but there’s so much code devoted to parsing this messy,

unparseable output that innotop is likely never to be perfect in this

regard. If innotop doesn’t show you what you need to see, just look

at the status text directly.

This mode displays the “fk_error” table by default.

I: InnoDB I/O Info
This mode shows InnoDB’s I/O statistics, including the I/O threads,

pending I/O, file I/O miscellaneous, and log statistics. It displays

the “io_threads”, “pending_io”, “file_io_misc”, and “log_statistics”

tables by default.

K: InnoDB Lock Waits
This mode shows information from InnoDB plugin’s transaction and

locking tables. You can use it to find when a transaction is waiting

for another, and kill the blocking transaction. It displays the

“innodb_blocked_blocker” table.

L: Locks
This mode shows information about current locks. At the moment only

InnoDB locks are supported, and by default you’ll only see locks for

which transactions are waiting. This information comes from the

TRANSACTIONS section of the InnoDB status text. If you have a very

busy server, you may have frequent lock waits; it helps to be able to

see which tables and indexes are the “hot spot” for locks. If your

server is running pretty well, this mode should show nothing.

You can configure MySQL and innotop to monitor not only locks for

which a transaction is waiting, but those currently held, too. You

can do this with the InnoDB Lock Monitor

(< CREATE TABLE innodb_lock_monitor(a int) ENGINE=INNODB;

This causes InnoDB to print its output to the MySQL file every 16

seconds or so, as stated in the manual, but it also makes the normal

SHOW INNODB STATUS output include lock information, which innotop can

parse and display (that’s the undocumented feature).

This means you can do what may have seemed impossible: to a limited

extent (InnoDB truncates some information in the output), you can see

which transaction holds the locks something else is waiting for. You

can also enable and disable the InnoDB Lock Monitor with the key

mappings in this mode.

This mode displays the “innodb_locks” table by default. Here’s a

sample of the screen when one connection is waiting for locks another

connection holds:

_____________________________ InnoDB Locks ______________________

CXN ID Type Waiting Wait Active Mode DB Table Index

localhost 12 RECORD 1 00:10 00:10 X test t1 PRIMARY

localhost 12 TABLE 0 00:10 00:10 IX test t1

localhost 12 RECORD 1 00:10 00:10 X test t1 PRIMARY

localhost 11 TABLE 0 00:00 00:25 IX test t1

localhost 11 RECORD 0 00:00 00:25 X test t1 PRIMARY

You can see the first connection, ID 12, is waiting for a lock on the

PRIMARY key on test.t1, and has been waiting for 10 seconds. The

second connection isn’t waiting, because the Waiting column is 0, but

it holds locks on the same index. That tells you connection 11 is

blocking connection 12.

M: Master/Slave Replication Status
This mode shows the output of SHOW SLAVE STATUS and SHOW MASTER STATUS

in three tables. The first two divide the slave’s status into SQL and

I/O thread status, and the last shows master status. Filters are

applied to eliminate non-slave servers from the slave tables, and non-

master servers from the master table.

This mode displays the “slave_sql_status”, “slave_io_status”, and

“master_status” tables by default.

O: Open Tables
This section comes from MySQL’s SHOW OPEN TABLES command. By default

it is filtered to show tables which are in use by one or more queries,

so you can get a quick look at which tables are ‘hot’. You can use

this to guess which tables might be locked implicitly.

This mode displays the “open_tables” mode by default.

U: User Statistics
This mode displays data that’s available in Percona’s enhanced version

of MySQL (also known as Percona Server with XtraDB). Specifically, it

makes it easy to enable and disable the so-called “user statistics.”

This feature gathers stats on clients, threads, users, tables, and

indexes and makes them available as INFORMATION_SCHEMA tables. These

are invaluable for understanding what your server is doing. They are

also available in MariaDB.

The statistics supported so far are only from the TABLE_STATISTICS and

INDEX_STATISTICS tables added by Percona. There are three views: one

of table stats, one of index stats (which can be aggregated with the =

key), and one of both.

The server doesn’t gather these stats by default. You have to set the

variable userstat_running to turn it on. You can do this easily with

innotop from U mode, with the ‘s’ key.

Q: Query List
This mode displays the output from SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST, much like

mytop’s query list mode. This mode does not show InnoDB-related

information. This is probably one of the most useful modes for

general usage.

There is an informative header that shows general status information

about your server. You can toggle it on and off with the ‘h’ key. By

default, innotop hides inactive processes and its own process. You

can toggle these on and off with the ‘i’ and ‘a’ keys.

You can EXPLAIN a query from this mode with the ‘e’ key. This

displays the query’s full text, the results of EXPLAIN, and in newer

MySQL versions, even the optimized query resulting from EXPLAIN

EXTENDED. innotop also tries to rewrite certain queries to make them

EXPLAIN-able. For example, INSERT/SELECT statements are rewritable.

This mode displays the “q_header” and “processlist” tables by default.

R: InnoDB Row Operations and Semaphores
This mode shows InnoDB row operations, row operation miscellaneous,

semaphores, and information from the wait array. It displays the

“row_operations”, “row_operation_misc”, “semaphores”, and “wait_array”

tables by default.

S: Variables & Status
This mode calculates statistics, such as queries per second, and

prints them out in several different styles. You can show absolute

values, or incremental values between ticks.

You can switch between the views by pressing a key. The ‘s’ key

prints a single line each time the screen updates, in the style of

vmstat. The ‘g’ key changes the view to a graph of the same numbers,

sort of like tload. The ‘v’ key changes the view to a pivoted table

of variable names on the left, with successive updates scrolling

across the screen from left to right. You can choose how many updates

to put on the screen with the “num_status_sets” configuration

variable.

Headers may be abbreviated to fit on the screen in interactive

operation. You choose which variables to display with the ‘c’ key,

which selects from predefined sets, or lets you create your own sets.

You can edit the current set with the ‘e’ key.

This mode doesn’t really display any tables like other modes.

Instead, it uses a table definition to extract and format the data,

but it then transforms the result in special ways before outputting

it. It uses the “var_status” table definition for this.

T: InnoDB Transactions
This mode shows transactions from the InnoDB monitor’s output, in

top-like format. This mode is the reason I wrote innotop.

You can kill queries or processes with the ‘k’ and ‘x’ keys, and

EXPLAIN a query with the ‘e’ or ‘f’ keys. InnoDB doesn’t print the

full query in transactions, so explaining may not work right if the

query is truncated.

The informational header can be toggled on and off with the ‘h’ key.

By default, innotop hides inactive transactions and its own

transaction. You can toggle this on and off with the ‘i’ and ‘a’

keys.

This mode displays the “t_header” and “innodb_transactions” tables by

default.

INNOTOP的状态

The first line innotop displays is a “status bar” of sorts. What it

contains depends on the mode you’re in, and what servers you’re

monitoring. The first few words are always [RO] (if readonly is set to

1), the innotop mode, such as “InnoDB Txns” for T mode, followed by a

reminder to press ‘?’ for help at any time.

ONE SERVER

The simplest case is when you’re monitoring a single server. In this

case, the name of the connection is next on the status line. This is the

name you gave when you created the connection — most likely the MySQL

server’s hostname. This is followed by the server’s uptime.

If you’re in an InnoDB mode, such as T or B, the next word is “InnoDB”

followed by some information about the SHOW INNODB STATUS output used to

render the screen. The first word is the number of seconds since the last

SHOW INNODB STATUS, which InnoDB uses to calculate some per-second

statistics. The next is a smiley face indicating whether the InnoDB

output is truncated. If the smiley face is a :-), all is well; there is

no truncation. A :^| means the transaction list is so long, InnoDB has

only printed out some of the transactions. Finally, a frown 🙁 means the

output is incomplete, which is probably due to a deadlock printing too

much lock information (see “D: InnoDB Deadlocks”).

The next two words indicate the server’s queries per second (QPS) and how

many threads (connections) exist. Finally, the server’s version number is

the last thing on the line.

MULTIPLE SERVERS

If you are monitoring multiple servers (see “SERVER CONNECTIONS”), the

status line does not show any details about individual servers. Instead,

it shows the names of the connections that are active. Again, these are

connection names you specified, which are likely to be the server’s

hostname. A connection that has an error is prefixed with an exclamation

point.

If you are monitoring a group of servers (see “SERVER GROUPS”), the status

line shows the name of the group. If any connection in the group has an

error, the group’s name is followed by the fraction of the connections

that don’t have errors.

See “ERROR HANDLING” for more details about innotop’s error handling.

MONITORING A FILE

If you give a filename on the command line, innotop will not connect to

ANY servers at all. It will watch the specified file for InnoDB status

output and use that as its data source. It will always show a single

connection called ‘file’. And since it can’t connect to a server, it

can’t determine how long the server it’s monitoring has been up; so it

calculates the server’s uptime as time since innotop started running.

服务器管理

While innotop is primarily a monitor that lets you watch and analyze your

servers, it can also send commands to servers. The most frequently useful

commands are killing queries and stopping or starting slaves.

You can kill a connection, or in newer versions of MySQL kill a query but

not a connection, from “Q: Query List” and “T: InnoDB Transactions” modes.

Press ‘k’ to issue a KILL command, or ‘x’ to issue a KILL QUERY command.

innotop will prompt you for the server and/or connection ID to kill

(innotop does not prompt you if there is only one possible choice for any

input). innotop pre-selects the longest-running query, or the oldest

connection. Confirm the command with ‘y’.

In “Slave Replication Status”” in “M: Master mode, you can start and stop

slaves with the ‘a’ and ‘o’ keys, respectively. You can send these

commands to many slaves at once. innotop fills in a default command of

START SLAVE or STOP SLAVE for you, but you can actually edit the command

and send anything you wish, such as SET GLOBAL SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER=1 to

make the slave skip one binlog event when it starts.

You can also ask innotop to calculate the earliest binlog in use by any

slave and issue a PURGE MASTER LOGS on the master. Use the ‘b’ key for

this. innotop will prompt you for a master to run the command on, then

prompt you for the connection names of that master’s slaves (there is no

way for innotop to determine this reliably itself). innotop will find the

minimum binlog in use by these slave connections and suggest it as the

argument to PURGE MASTER LOGS.

in “U: User Statistics” mode, you can use the ‘s’ key to start and stop

the collection of the statistics data for TABLE_STATISTICS and similar.

服务器连接

When you create a server connection using ‘@’, innotop asks you for a

series of inputs, as follows:

DSN A DSN is a Data Source Name, which is the initial argument passed to
the DBI module for connecting to a server. It is usually of the form

DBI:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=mysql;host=HOSTNAME

Since this DSN is passed to the DBD::mysql driver, you should read the

driver’s documentation at

“/search.cpan.org/dist/DBD-mysql/lib/DBD/mysql.pm”” in “http: for the

exact details on all the options you can pass the driver in the DSN.

You can read more about DBI at <” title=”http://search.cpan.org/~timb/DBI/DBI.pm>” class=”http”>http://search.cpan.org/~timb/DBI/DBI.pm>.*****

The mysql_read_default_group=mysql option lets the DBD driver read

your MySQL options files, such as ~/.my.cnf on UNIX-ish systems. You

can use this to avoid specifying a username or password for the

connection.

InnoDB Deadlock Table
This optional item tells innotop a table name it can use to

deliberately create a small deadlock (see “D: InnoDB Deadlocks”). If

you specify this option, you just need to be sure the table doesn’t

exist, and that innotop can create and drop the table with the InnoDB

storage engine. You can safely omit or just accept the default if you

don’t intend to use this.

Username
innotop will ask you if you want to specify a username. If you say

‘y’, it will then prompt you for a user name. If you have a MySQL

option file that specifies your username, you don’t have to specify a

username.

The username defaults to your login name on the system you’re running

innotop on.

Password
innotop will ask you if you want to specify a password. Like the

username, the password is optional, but there’s an additional prompt

that asks if you want to save the password in the innotop

configuration file. If you don’t save it in the configuration file,

innotop will prompt you for a password each time it starts. Passwords

in the innotop configuration file are saved in plain text, not

encrypted in any way.

Once you finish answering these questions, you should be connected to a

server. But innotop isn’t limited to monitoring a single server; you can

define many server connections and switch between them by pressing the ‘@’

key. See “SWITCHING BETWEEN CONNECTIONS”.

服务器组

If you have multiple MySQL instances, you can put them into named groups,

such as ‘all’, ‘masters’, and ‘slaves’, which innotop can monitor all

together.

You can choose which group to monitor with the ‘#’ key, and you can press

the TAB key to switch to the next group. If you’re not currently

monitoring a group, pressing TAB selects the first group.

To create a group, press the ‘#’ key and type the name of your new group,

then type the names of the connections you want the group to contain.

如何在连接之间切换

innotop lets you quickly switch which servers you’re monitoring. The most

basic way is by pressing the ‘@’ key and typing the name(s) of the

connection(s) you want to use. This setting is per-mode, so you can

monitor different connections in each mode, and innotop remembers which

connections you choose.

You can quickly switch to the ‘next’ connection in alphabetical order with

the ‘n’ key. If you’re monitoring a server group (see “SERVER GROUPS”)

this will switch to the first connection.

You can also type many connection names, and innotop will fetch and

display data from them all. Just separate the connection names with

spaces, for example “server1 server2.” Again, if you type the name of a

connection that doesn’t exist, innotop will prompt you for connection

information and create the connection.

Another way to monitor multiple connections at once is with server groups.

You can use the TAB key to switch to the ‘next’ group in alphabetical

order, or if you’re not monitoring any groups, TAB will switch to the

first group.

innotop does not fetch data in parallel from connections, so if you are

monitoring a large group or many connections, you may notice increased

delay between ticks.

When you monitor more than one connection, innotop’s status bar changes.

See “INNOTOP STATUS”.

错误处理

Error handling is not that important when monitoring a single connection,

but is crucial when you have many active connections. A crashed server or

lost connection should not crash innotop. As a result, innotop will

continue to run even when there is an error; it just won’t display any

information from the connection that had an error. Because of this,

innotop’s behavior might confuse you. It’s a feature, not a bug!

innotop does not continue to query connections that have errors, because

they may slow innotop and make it hard to use, especially if the error is

a problem connecting and causes a long time-out. Instead, innotop retries

the connection occasionally to see if the error still exists. If so, it

will wait until some point in the future. The wait time increases in

ticks as the Fibonacci series, so it tries less frequently as time passes.

Since errors might only happen in certain modes because of the SQL

commands issued in those modes, innotop keeps track of which mode caused

the error. If you switch to a different mode, innotop will retry the

connection instead of waiting.

By default innotop will display the problem in red text at the bottom of

the first table on the screen. You can disable this behavior with the

“show_cxn_errors_in_tbl” configuration option, which is enabled by

default. If the “debug” option is enabled, innotop will display the error

at the bottom of every table, not just the first. And if

“show_cxn_errors” is enabled, innotop will print the error text to STDOUT

as well. Error messages might only display in the mode that caused the

error, depending on the mode and whether innotop is avoiding querying that

connection.

非交互式操作

You can run innotop in non-interactive mode, in which case it is entirely

controlled from the configuration file and command-line options. To start

innotop in non-interactive mode, give the L”<–nonint”> command-line

option. This changes innotop’s behavior in the following ways:

· Certain Perl modules are not loaded. Term::Readline is not loaded,
since innotop doesn’t prompt interactively. Term::ANSIColor and

Win32::Console::ANSI modules are not loaded. Term::ReadKey is still

used, since innotop may have to prompt for connection passwords when

starting up.

· innotop does not clear the screen after each tick.

· innotop does not persist any changes to the configuration file.

· If “–count” is given and innotop is in incremental mode (see
“status_inc” and “–inc”), innotop actually refreshes one more time

than specified so it can print incremental statistics. This

suppresses output during the first tick, so innotop may appear to

hang.

· innotop only displays the first table in each mode. This is so the
output can be easily processed with other command-line utilities such

as awk and sed. To change which tables display in each mode, see

“TABLES”. Since “Q: Query List” mode is so important, innotop

automatically disables the “q_header” table. This ensures you’ll see

the “processlist” table, even if you have innotop configured to show

the q_header table during interactive operation. Similarly, in “T:

InnoDB Transactions” mode, the “t_header” table is suppressed so you

see only the “innodb_transactions” table.

· All output is tab-separated instead of being column-aligned with
whitespace, and innotop prints the full contents of each table instead

of only printing one screenful at a time.

· innotop only prints column headers once instead of every tick (see
“hide_hdr”). innotop does not print table captions (see

“display_table_captions”). innotop ensures there are no empty lines

in the output.

· innotop does not honor the “shorten” transformation, which normally
shortens some numbers to human-readable formats.

· innotop does not print a status line (see “INNOTOP STATUS”).

配置

Nearly everything about innotop is configurable. Most things are possible

to change with built-in commands, but you can also edit the configuration

file.

While running innotop, press the ‘$’ key to bring up the configuration

editing dialog. Press another key to select the type of data you want to

edit:

S: Statement Sleep Times
Edits SQL statement sleep delays, which make innotop pause for the

specified amount of time after executing a statement. See “SQL

STATEMENTS” for a definition of each statement and what it does. By

default innotop does not delay after any statements.

This feature is included so you can customize the side-effects caused

by monitoring your server. You may not see any effects, but some

innotop users have noticed that certain MySQL versions under very high

load with InnoDB enabled take longer than usual to execute SHOW GLOBAL

STATUS. If innotop calls SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST immediately afterward,

the processlist contains more queries than the machine actually

averages at any given moment. Configuring innotop to pause briefly

after calling SHOW GLOBAL STATUS alleviates this effect.

Sleep times are stored in the “stmt_sleep_times” section of the

configuration file. Fractional-second sleeps are supported, subject

to your hardware’s limitations.

c: Edit Columns
Starts the table editor on one of the displayed tables. See “TABLE

EDITOR”. An alternative way to start the table editor without

entering the configuration dialog is with the ‘^’ key.

g: General Configuration
Starts the configuration editor to edit global and mode-specific

configuration variables (see “MODES”). innotop prompts you to choose

a variable from among the global and mode-specific ones depending on

the current mode.

k: Row-Coloring Rules
Starts the row-coloring rules editor on one of the displayed table(s).

See “COLORS” for details.

p: Manage Plugins
Starts the plugin configuration editor. See “PLUGINS” for details.

s: Server Groups
Lets you create and edit server groups. See “SERVER GROUPS”.

t: Choose Displayed Tables
Lets you choose which tables to display in this mode. See “MODES” and

“TABLES”.

配置文件

innotop’s default configuration file locations are $HOME/.innotop and

/etc/innotop/innotop.conf, and they are looked for in that order. If the

first configuration file exists, the second will not be processed. Those

can be overridden with the “–config” command-line option. You can edit

it by hand safely, however innotop reads the configuration file when it

starts, and, if readonly is set to 0, writes it out again when it exits.

Thus, if readonly is set to 0, any changes you make by hand while innotop

is running will be lost.

innotop doesn’t store its entire configuration in the configuration file.

It has a huge set of default configuration values that it holds only in

memory, and the configuration file only overrides these defaults. When

you customize a default setting, innotop notices, and then stores the

customizations into the file. This keeps the file size down, makes it

easier to edit, and makes upgrades easier.

A configuration file is read-only be default. You can override that with

“–write”. See “readonly”.

The configuration file is arranged into sections like an INI file. Each

section begins with [section-name] and ends with [/section-name]. Each

section’s entries have a different syntax depending on the data they need

to store. You can put comments in the file; any line that begins with a #

character is a comment. innotop will not read the comments, so it won’t

write them back out to the file when it exits. Comments in read-only

configuration files are still useful, though.

The first line in the file is innotop’s version number. This lets innotop

notice when the file format is not backwards-compatible, and upgrade

smoothly without destroying your customized configuration.

The following list describes each section of the configuration file and

the data it contains:

general
The ‘general’ section contains global configuration variables and

variables that may be mode-specific, but don’t belong in any other

section. The syntax is a simple key=value list. innotop writes a

comment above each value to help you edit the file by hand.

S_func
Controls S mode presentation (see “S: Variables & Status”). If g,

values are graphed; if s, values are like vmstat; if p, values are

in a pivoted table.

S_set
Specifies which set of variables to display in “S: Variables &

Status” mode. See “VARIABLE SETS”.

auto_wipe_dl
Instructs innotop to automatically wipe large deadlocks when it

notices them. When this happens you may notice a slight delay.

At the next tick, you will usually see the information that was

being truncated by the large deadlock.

charset
Specifies what kind of characters to allow through the

“no_ctrl_char” transformation. This keeps non-printable

characters from confusing a terminal when you monitor queries that

contain binary data, such as images.

The default is ‘ascii’, which considers anything outside normal

ASCII to be a control character. The other allowable values are

‘unicode’ and ‘none’. ‘none’ considers every character a control

character, which can be useful for collapsing ALL text fields in

queries.

cmd_filter
This is the prefix that filters variables in “C: Command Summary”

mode.

color
Whether terminal coloring is permitted.

cxn_timeout
On MySQL versions 4.0.3 and newer, this variable is used to set

the connection’s timeout, so MySQL doesn’t close the connection if

it is not used for a while. This might happen because a

connection isn’t monitored in a particular mode, for example.

debug
This option enables more verbose errors and makes innotop more

strict in some places. It can help in debugging filters and other

user-defined code. It also makes innotop write a lot of

information to “debugfile” when there is a crash.

debugfile
A file to which innotop will write information when there is a

crash. See “FILES”.

display_table_captions
innotop displays a table caption above most tables. This variable

suppresses or shows captions on all tables globally. Some tables

are configured with the hide_caption property, which overrides

this.

global
Whether to show GLOBAL variables and status. innotop only tries

to do this on servers which support the GLOBAL option to SHOW

VARIABLES and SHOW STATUS. In some MySQL versions, you need

certain privileges to do this; if you don’t have them, innotop

will not be able to fetch any variable and status data. This

configuration variable lets you run innotop and fetch what data

you can even without the elevated privileges.

I can no longer find or reproduce the situation where GLOBAL

wasn’t allowed, but I know there was one.

graph_char
Defines the character to use when drawing graphs in “S: Variables

& Status” mode.

header_highlight
Defines how to highlight column headers. This only works if

Term::ANSIColor is available. Valid values are ‘bold’ and

‘underline’.

hide_hdr
Hides column headers globally.

interval
The interval at which innotop will refresh its data (ticks). The

interval is implemented as a sleep time between ticks, so the true

interval will vary depending on how long it takes innotop to fetch

and render data.

This variable accepts fractions of a second.

mode
The mode in which innotop should start. Allowable arguments are

the same as the key presses that select a mode interactively. See

“MODES”.

num_digits
How many digits to show in fractional numbers and percents. This

variable’s range is between 0 and 9 and can be set directly from

“S: Variables & Status” mode with the ‘+’ and ‘-‘ keys. It is

used in the “set_precision”, “shorten”, and “percent”

transformations.

num_status_sets
Controls how many sets of status variables to display in pivoted

“S: Variables & Status” mode. It also controls the number of old

sets of variables innotop keeps in its memory, so the larger this

variable is, the more memory innotop uses.

plugin_dir
Specifies where plugins can be found. By default, innotop stores

plugins in the ‘plugins’ subdirectory of your innotop

configuration directory.

readonly
Whether the configuration file is readonly. This cannot be set

interactively.

show_cxn_errors
Makes innotop print connection errors to STDOUT. See “ERROR

HANDLING”.

show_cxn_errors_in_tbl
Makes innotop display connection errors as rows in the first table

on screen. See “ERROR HANDLING”.

show_percent
Adds a ‘%’ character after the value returned by the “percent”

transformation.

show_statusbar
Controls whether to show the status bar in the display. See

“INNOTOP STATUS”.

skip_innodb
Disables fetching SHOW INNODB STATUS, in case your server(s) do

not have InnoDB enabled and you don’t want innotop to try to fetch

it. This can also be useful when you don’t have the SUPER

privilege, required to run SHOW INNODB STATUS.

spark
Specifies how wide a spark chart is. There are two ASCII spark

charts in A mode, showing QPS and User_threads_running.

status_inc
Whether to show absolute or incremental values for status

variables. Incremental values are calculated as an offset from

the last value innotop saw for that variable. This is a global

setting, but will probably become mode-specific at some point.

Right now it is honored a bit inconsistently; some modes don’t pay

attention to it.

timeformat
The C-style strftime()-compatible format for the timestamp line to

be printed in -n mode when -t is set.

plugins
This section holds a list of package names of active plugins. If the

plugin exists, innotop will activate it. See “PLUGINS” for more

information.

filters
This section holds user-defined filters (see “FILTERS”). Each line is

in the format filter_name=text=’filter text’ tbls=’table list’.

The filter text is the text of the subroutine’s code. The table list

is a list of tables to which the filter can apply. By default, user-

defined filters apply to the table for which they were created, but

you can manually override that by editing the definition in the

configuration file.

active_filters
This section stores which filters are active on each table. Each line

is in the format table_name=filter_list.

tbl_meta
This section stores user-defined or user-customized columns (see

“COLUMNS”). Each line is in the format col_name=properties, where the

properties are a name=quoted-value list.

connections
This section holds the server connections you have defined. Each line

is in the format name=properties, where the properties are a

name=value list. The properties are self-explanatory, and the only

one that is treated specially is ‘pass’ which is only present if

‘savepass’ is set. This section of the configuration file will be

skipped if any DSN, username, or password command-line options are

used. See “SERVER CONNECTIONS”.

active_connections
This section holds a list of which connections are active in each

mode. Each line is in the format mode_name=connection_list.

server_groups
This section holds server groups. Each line is in the format

name=connection_list. See “SERVER GROUPS”.

active_server_groups
This section holds a list of which server group is active in each

mode. Each line is in the format mode_name=server_group.

max_values_seen
This section holds the maximum values seen for variables. This is

used to scale the graphs in “S: Variables & Status” mode. Each line

is in the format name=value.

active_columns
This section holds table column lists. Each line is in the format

tbl_name=column_list. See “COLUMNS”.

sort_cols
This section holds the sort definition. Each line is in the format

tbl_name=column_list. If a column is prefixed with ‘-‘, that column

sorts descending. See “SORTING”.

visible_tables
This section defines which tables are visible in each mode. Each line

is in the format mode_name=table_list. See “TABLES”.

varsets
This section defines variable sets for use in “S: Status & Variables”

mode. Each line is in the format name=variable_list. See “VARIABLE

SETS”.

colors
This section defines colorization rules. Each line is in the format

tbl_name=property_list. See “COLORS”.

stmt_sleep_times
This section contains statement sleep times. Each line is in the

format statement_name=sleep_time. See “S: Statement Sleep Times”.

group_by
This section contains column lists for table group_by expressions.

Each line is in the format tbl_name=column_list. See “GROUPING”.

自定义INNOTOP

You can customize innotop a great deal. For example, you can:

· Choose which tables to display, and in what order.

· Choose which columns are in those tables, and create new columns.

· Filter which rows display with built-in filters, user-defined filters,
and quick-filters.

· Sort the rows to put important data first or group together related
rows.

· Highlight rows with color.

· Customize the alignment, width, and formatting of columns, and apply
transformations to columns to extract parts of their values or format

the values as you wish (for example, shortening large numbers to

familiar units).

· Design your own expressions to extract and combine data as you need.
This gives you unlimited flexibility.

All these and more are explained in the following sections.

TABLES

A table is what you’d expect: a collection of columns. It also has some

other properties, such as a caption. Filters, sorting rules, and

colorization rules belong to tables and are covered in later sections.

Internally, table meta-data is defined in a data structure called

%tbl_meta. This hash holds all built-in table definitions, which contain

a lot of default instructions to innotop. The meta-data includes the

caption, a list of columns the user has customized, a list of columns, a

list of visible columns, a list of filters, color rules, a sort-column

list, sort direction, and some information about the table’s data sources.

Most of this is customizable via the table editor (see “TABLE EDITOR”).

You can choose which tables to show by pressing the ‘$’ key. See “MODES”

and “TABLES”.

The table life-cycle is as follows:

· Each table begins with a data source, which is an array of hashes.
See below for details on data sources.

· Each element of the data source becomes a row in the final table.

· For each element in the data source, innotop extracts values from the
source and creates a row. This row is another hash, which later steps

will refer to as $set. The values innotop extracts are determined by

the table’s columns. Each column has an extraction subroutine,

compiled from an expression (see “EXPRESSIONS”). The resulting row is

a hash whose keys are named the same as the column name.

· innotop filters the rows, removing those that don’t need to be
displayed. See “FILTERS”.

· innotop sorts the rows. See “SORTING”.

· innotop groups the rows together, if specified. See “GROUPING”.

· innotop colorizes the rows. See “COLORS”.

· innotop transforms the column values in each row. See
“TRANSFORMATIONS”.

· innotop optionally pivots the rows (see “PIVOTING”), then filters and
sorts them.

· innotop formats and justifies the rows as a table. During this step,
innotop applies further formatting to the column values, including

alignment, maximum and minimum widths. innotop also does final error

checking to ensure there are no crashes due to undefined values.

innotop then adds a caption if specified, and the table is ready to

print.

The lifecycle is slightly different if the table is pivoted, as noted

above. To clarify, if the table is pivoted, the process is extract,

group, transform, pivot, filter, sort, create. If it’s not pivoted, the

process is extract, filter, sort, group, color, transform, create. This

slightly convoluted process doesn’t map all that well to SQL, but pivoting

complicates things pretty thoroughly. Roughly speaking, filtering and

sorting happen as late as needed to effect the final result as you might

expect, but as early as possible for efficiency.

Each built-in table is described below:

adaptive_hash_index
Displays data about InnoDB’s adaptive hash index. Data source:

“STATUS_VARIABLES”.

buffer_pool
Displays data about InnoDB’s buffer pool. Data source:

“STATUS_VARIABLES”.

cmd_summary
Displays weighted status variables. Data source: “STATUS_VARIABLES”.

deadlock_locks
Shows which locks were held and waited for by the last detected

deadlock. Data source: “DEADLOCK_LOCKS”.

deadlock_transactions
Shows transactions involved in the last detected deadlock. Data

source: “DEADLOCK_TRANSACTIONS”.

explain
Shows the output of EXPLAIN. Data source: “EXPLAIN”.

file_io_misc
Displays data about InnoDB’s file and I/O operations. Data source:

“STATUS_VARIABLES”.

fk_error
Displays various data about InnoDB’s last foreign key error. Data

source: “STATUS_VARIABLES”.

health_dashboard
Displays an overall summary of servers, one server per line, for

monitoring. Data source: “STATUS_VARIABLES”, “MASTER_SLAVE”,

“PROCESSLIST_STATS”.

index_statistics
Displays data from the INDEX_STATISTICS table in Percona-enhanced

servers.

index_table_statistics
Displays data from the INDEX_STATISTICS and TABLE_STATISTICS tables in

Percona-enhanced servers. It joins the two together, grouped by the

database and table name. It is the default view in “U: User

Statistics” mode, and makes it easy to see what tables are hot, how

many rows are read from indexes, how many changes are made, and how

many changes are made to indexes.

innodb_blocked_blocker
Displays InnoDB locks and lock waits. Data source:

“INNODB_BLOCKED_BLOCKER”.

innodb_locks
Displays InnoDB locks. Data source: “INNODB_LOCKS”.

innodb_transactions
Displays data about InnoDB’s current transactions. Data source:

“INNODB_TRANSACTIONS”.

insert_buffers
Displays data about InnoDB’s insert buffer. Data source:

“STATUS_VARIABLES”.

io_threads
Displays data about InnoDB’s I/O threads. Data source: “IO_THREADS”.

log_statistics
Displays data about InnoDB’s logging system. Data source:

“STATUS_VARIABLES”.

master_status
Displays replication master status. Data source: “STATUS_VARIABLES”.

open_tables
Displays open tables. Data source: “OPEN_TABLES”.

page_statistics
Displays InnoDB page statistics. Data source: “STATUS_VARIABLES”.

pending_io
Displays InnoDB pending I/O operations. Data source:

“STATUS_VARIABLES”.

processlist
Displays current MySQL processes (threads/connections). Data source:

“PROCESSLIST”.

q_header
Displays various status values. Data source: “STATUS_VARIABLES”.

row_operation_misc
Displays data about InnoDB’s row operations. Data source:

“STATUS_VARIABLES”.

row_operations
Displays data about InnoDB’s row operations. Data source:

“STATUS_VARIABLES”.

semaphores
Displays data about InnoDB’s semaphores and mutexes. Data source:

“STATUS_VARIABLES”.

slave_io_status
Displays data about the slave I/O thread. Data source:

“STATUS_VARIABLES”.

slave_sql_status
Displays data about the slave SQL thread. Data source:

“STATUS_VARIABLES”.

table_statistics
Displays data from the TABLE_STATISTICS table in Percona-enhanced

servers.

t_header
Displays various InnoDB status values. Data source:

“STATUS_VARIABLES”.

var_status
Displays user-configurable data. Data source: “STATUS_VARIABLES”.

wait_array
Displays data about InnoDB’s OS wait array. Data source:

“OS_WAIT_ARRAY”.

COLUMNS

Columns belong to tables. You can choose a table’s columns by pressing

the ‘^’ key, which starts the “TABLE EDITOR” and lets you choose and edit

columns. Pressing ‘e’ from within the table editor lets you edit the

column’s properties:

· hdr: a column header. This appears in the first row of the table.

· just: justification. ‘-‘ means left-justified and ” means right-
justified, just as with printf formatting codes (not a coincidence).

· dec: whether to further align the column on the decimal point.

· num: whether the column is numeric. This affects how values are
sorted (lexically or numerically).

· label: a small note about the column, which appears in dialogs that
help the user choose columns.

· src: an expression that innotop uses to extract the column’s data from
its source (see “DATA SOURCES”). See “EXPRESSIONS” for more on

expressions.

· minw: specifies a minimum display width. This helps stabilize the
display, which makes it easier to read if the data is changing

frequently.

· maxw: similar to minw.

· trans: a list of column transformations. See “TRANSFORMATIONS”.

· agg: an aggregate function. See “GROUPING”. The default is “first”.

· aggonly: controls whether the column only shows when grouping is
enabled on the table (see “GROUPING”). By default, this is disabled.

This means columns will always be shown by default, whether grouping

is enabled or not. If a column’s aggonly is set true, the column will

appear when you toggle grouping on the table. Several columns are set

this way, such as the count column on “processlist” and

“innodb_transactions”, so you don’t see a count when the grouping

isn’t enabled, but you do when it is.

· agghide: the reverse of aggonly. The column is hidden when grouping
is enabled.

FILTERS

Filters remove rows from the display. They behave much like a WHERE

clause in SQL. innotop has several built-in filters, which remove

irrelevant information like inactive queries, but you can define your own

as well. innotop also lets you create quick-filters, which do not get

saved to the configuration file, and are just an easy way to quickly view

only some rows.

You can enable or disable a filter on any table. Press the ‘%’ key

(mnemonic: % looks kind of like a line being filtered between two circles)

and choose which table you want to filter, if asked. You’ll then see a

list of possible filters and a list of filters currently enabled for that

table. Type the names of filters you want to apply and press Enter.

USER-DEFINED FILTERS

If you type a name that doesn’t exist, innotop will prompt you to create

the filter. Filters are easy to create if you know Perl, and not hard if

you don’t. What you’re doing is creating a subroutine that returns true

if the row should be displayed. The row is a hash reference passed to

your subroutine as $set.

For example, imagine you want to filter the processlist table so you only

see queries that have been running more than five minutes. Type a new

name for your filter, and when prompted for the subroutine body, press TAB

to initiate your terminal’s auto-completion. You’ll see the names of the

columns in the “processlist” table (innotop generally tries to help you

with auto-completion lists). You want to filter on the ‘time’ column.

Type the text “$set->{time} > 300” to return true when the query is more

than five minutes old. That’s all you need to do.

In other words, the code you’re typing is surrounded by an implicit

context, which looks like this:

		sub filter {
		   my ( $set ) = @_;
		   # YOUR CODE HERE
		}

If your filter doesn’t work, or if something else suddenly behaves

differently, you might have made an error in your filter, and innotop is

silently catching the error. Try enabling “debug” to make innotop throw

an error instead.

QUICK-FILTERS

innotop’s quick-filters are a shortcut to create a temporary filter that

doesn’t persist when you restart innotop. To create a quick-filter, press

the ‘/’ key. innotop will prompt you for the column name and filter text.

Again, you can use auto-completion on column names. The filter text can

be just the text you want to “search for.” For example, to filter the

“processlist” table on queries that refer to the products table, type ‘/’

and then ‘info product’. Internally, the filter is compiled into a

subroutine like this:

sub filter {
   my ( $set ) = @_;
   $set->{info} =~ m/product/;
}

The filter text can actually be any Perl regular expression, but of course

a literal string like ‘product’ works fine as a regular expression.

What if you want the filter to discard matching rows, rather than showing

matching rows? If you’re familiar with Perl regular expressions, you

might guess how to do this. You have to use a zero-width negative

lookahead assertion. If you don’t know what that means, don’t worry.

Let’s filter out all rows where the command is Gandalf. Type the

following:

  1. /
  2. cmd ^(?!Gandalf)

Behind the scenes innotop compiles the quick-filter into a specially

tagged filter that is otherwise like any other filter. It just isn’t

saved to the configuration file.

To clear quick-filters, press the ‘\’ key and innotop will clear them all

at once.

SORTING

innotop has sensible built-in defaults to sort the most important rows to

the top of the table. Like anything else in innotop, you can customize

how any table is sorted.

To start the sort dialog, start the “TABLE EDITOR” with the ‘^’ key,

choose a table if necessary, and press the ‘s’ key. You’ll see a list of

columns you can use in the sort expression and the current sort

expression, if any. Enter a list of columns by which you want to sort and

press Enter. If you want to reverse sort, prefix the column name with a

minus sign. For example, if you want to sort by column a ascending, then

column b descending, type ‘a -b’. You can also explicitly add a + in

front of columns you want to sort ascending, but it’s not required.

Some modes have keys mapped to open this dialog directly, and to quickly

reverse sort direction. Press ‘?’ as usual to see which keys are mapped

in any mode.

GROUPING

innotop can group, or aggregate, rows together (the terms are used

interchangeably). This is quite similar to an SQL GROUP BY clause. You

can specify to group on certain columns, or if you don’t specify any, the

entire set of rows is treated as one group. This is quite like SQL so

far, but unlike SQL, you can also select un-grouped columns. innotop

actually aggregates every column. If you don’t explicitly specify a

grouping function, the default is ‘first’. This is basically a

convenience so you don’t have to specify an aggregate function for every

column you want in the result.

You can quickly toggle grouping on a table with the ‘=’ key, which toggles

its aggregate property. This property doesn’t persist to the config file.

The columns by which the table is grouped are specified in its group_by

property. When you turn grouping on, innotop places the group_by columns

at the far left of the table, even if they’re not supposed to be visible.

The rest of the visible columns appear in order after them.

Two tables have default group_by lists and a count column built in:

“processlist” and “innodb_transactions”. The grouping is by connection

and status, so you can quickly see how many queries or transactions are in

a given status on each server you’re monitoring. The time columns are

aggregated as a sum; other columns are left at the default ‘first’

aggregation.

By default, the table shown in “S: Variables & Status” mode also uses

grouping so you can monitor variables and status across many servers. The

default aggregation function in this mode is ‘avg’.

Valid grouping functions are defined in the %agg_funcs hash. They include

first
Returns the first element in the group.

count
Returns the number of elements in the group, including undefined

elements, much like SQL’s COUNT(*).

avg Returns the average of defined elements in the group.

sum Returns the sum of elements in the group.

Here’s an example of grouping at work. Suppose you have a very busy

server with hundreds of open connections, and you want to see how many

connections are in what status. Using the built-in grouping rules, you

can press ‘Q’ to enter “Q: Query List” mode. Press ‘=’ to toggle grouping

(if necessary, select the “processlist” table when prompted).

Your display might now look like the following:

Query List (? for help) localhost, 32:33, 0.11 QPS, 1 thd, 5.0.38-log

CXN Cmd Cnt ID User Host Time Query

localhost Query 49 12933 webusr localhost 19:38 SELECT * FROM

localhost Sending Da 23 2383 webusr localhost 12:43 SELECT col1,

localhost Sleep 120 140 webusr localhost 5:18:12

localhost Statistics 12 19213 webusr localhost 01:19 SELECT * FROM

That’s actually quite a worrisome picture. You’ve got a lot of idle

connections (Sleep), and some connections executing queries (Query and

Sending Data). That’s okay, but you also have a lot in Statistics status,

collectively spending over a minute. That means the query optimizer is

having a really hard time generating execution plans for your statements.

Something is wrong; it should normally take milliseconds to plan queries.

You might not have seen this pattern if you didn’t look at your

connections in aggregate. (This is a made-up example, but it can happen

in real life).

PIVOTING

innotop can pivot a table for more compact display, similar to a Pivot

Table in a spreadsheet (also known as a crosstab). Pivoting a table makes

columns into rows. Assume you start with this table:

foo bar

=== ===

1 3

2 4

After pivoting, the table will look like this:

name set0 set1

==== ==== ====

foo 1 2

bar 3 4

To get reasonable results, you might need to group as well as pivoting.

innotop currently does this for “S: Variables & Status” mode.

COLORS

By default, innotop highlights rows with color so you can see at a glance

which rows are more important. You can customize the colorization rules

and add your own to any table. Open the table editor with the ‘^’ key,

choose a table if needed, and press ‘o’ to open the color editor dialog.

The color editor dialog displays the rules applied to the table, in the

order they are evaluated. Each row is evaluated against each rule to see

if the rule matches the row; if it does, the row gets the specified color,

and no further rules are evaluated. The rules look like the following:

state eq Locked black on_red

cmd eq Sleep white

user eq system user white

cmd eq Connect white

cmd eq Binlog Dump white

time > 600 red

time > 120 yellow

time > 60 green

time > 30 cyan

This is the default rule set for the “processlist” table. In order of

priority, these rules make locked queries black on a red background, “gray

out” connections from replication and sleeping queries, and make queries

turn from cyan to red as they run longer.

(For some reason, the ANSI color code “white” is actually a light gray.

Your terminal’s display may vary; experiment to find colors you like).

You can use keystrokes to move the rules up and down, which re-orders

their priority. You can also delete rules and add new ones. If you add a

new rule, innotop prompts you for the column, an operator for the

comparison, a value against which to compare the column, and a color to

assign if the rule matches. There is auto-completion and prompting at

each step.

The value in the third step needs to be correctly quoted. innotop does

not try to quote the value because it doesn’t know whether it should treat

the value as a string or a number. If you want to compare the column

against a string, as for example in the first rule above, you should enter

‘Locked’ surrounded by quotes. If you get an error message about a

bareword, you probably should have quoted something.

EXPRESSIONS

Expressions are at the core of how innotop works, and are what enables you

to extend innotop as you wish. Recall the table lifecycle explained in

“TABLES”. Expressions are used in the earliest step, where it extracts

values from a data source to form rows.

It does this by calling a subroutine for each column, passing it the

source data set, a set of current values, and a set of previous values.

These are all needed so the subroutine can calculate things like the

difference between this tick and the previous tick.

The subroutines that extract the data from the set are compiled from

expressions. This gives significantly more power than just naming the

values to fill the columns, because it allows the column’s value to be

calculated from whatever data is necessary, but avoids the need to write

complicated and lengthy Perl code.

innotop begins with a string of text that can look as simple as a value’s

name or as complicated as a full-fledged Perl expression. It looks at

each ‘bareword’ token in the string and decides whether it’s supposed to

be a key into the $set hash. A bareword is an unquoted value that isn’t

already surrounded by code-ish things like dollar signs or curly brackets.

If innotop decides that the bareword isn’t a function or other valid Perl

code, it converts it into a hash access. After the whole string is

processed, innotop compiles a subroutine, like this:

sub compute_column_value {
   my ( $set, $cur, $pre ) = @_;
   my $val = # EXPANDED STRING GOES HERE
   return $val;
}

Here’s a concrete example, taken from the header table “q_header” in “Q:

Query List” mode. This expression calculates the qps, or Queries Per

Second, column’s values, from the values returned by SHOW STATUS:

Questions/Uptime_hires

innotop decides both words are barewords, and transforms this expression

into the following Perl code:

$set->{Questions}/$set->{Uptime_hires}

When surrounded by the rest of the subroutine’s code, this is executable

Perl that calculates a high-resolution queries-per-second value.

The arguments to the subroutine are named $set, $cur, and $pre. In most

cases, $set and $cur will be the same values. However, if “status_inc” is

set, $cur will not be the same as $set, because $set will already contain

values that are the incremental difference between $cur and $pre.

Every column in innotop is computed by subroutines compiled in the same

fashion. There is no difference between innotop’s built-in columns and

user-defined columns. This keeps things consistent and predictable.

TRANSFORMATIONS

Transformations change how a value is rendered. For example, they can

take a number of seconds and display it in H:M:S format. The following

transformations are defined:

commify
Adds commas to large numbers every three decimal places.

distill
Distills SQL into verb-noun-noun format for quick comprehension.

dulint_to_int
Accepts two unsigned integers and converts them into a single

longlong. This is useful for certain operations with InnoDB, which

uses two integers as transaction identifiers, for example.

fuzzy_time
Converts a number of seconds into a friendly, readable value like

“1h35m”.

no_ctrl_char
Removes quoted control characters from the value. This is affected by

the “charset” configuration variable.

This transformation only operates within quoted strings, for example,

values to a SET clause in an UPDATE statement. It will not alter the

UPDATE statement, but will collapse the quoted string to [BINARY] or

[TEXT], depending on the charset.

percent
Converts a number to a percentage by multiplying it by two, formatting

it with “num_digits” digits after the decimal point, and optionally

adding a percent sign (see “show_percent”).

secs_to_time
Formats a number of seconds as time in days+hours:minutes:seconds

format.

set_precision
Formats numbers with “num_digits” number of digits after the decimal

point.

shorten
Formats a number as a unit of 1024 (k/M/G/T) and with “num_digits”

number of digits after the decimal point.

TABLE EDITOR

The innotop table editor lets you customize tables with keystrokes. You

start the table editor with the ‘^’ key. If there’s more than one table

on the screen, it will prompt you to choose one of them. Once you do,

innotop will show you something like this:

Editing table definition for Buffer Pool. Press ? for help, q to quit.

name hdr label src

cxn CXN Connection from which cxn

buf_pool_size Size Buffer pool size IB_bp_buf_poo

buf_free Free Bufs Buffers free in the b IB_bp_buf_fre

pages_total Pages Pages total IB_bp_pages_t

pages_modified Dirty Pages Pages modified (dirty IB_bp_pages_m

buf_pool_hit_rate Hit Rate Buffer pool hit rate IB_bp_buf_poo

total_mem_alloc Memory Total memory allocate IB_bp_total_m

add_pool_alloc Add’l Pool Additonal pool alloca IB_bp_add_poo

The first line shows which table you’re editing, and reminds you again to

press ‘?’ for a list of key mappings. The rest is a tabular

representation of the table’s columns, because that’s likely what you’re

trying to edit. However, you can edit more than just the table’s columns;

this screen can start the filter editor, color rule editor, and more.

Each row in the display shows a single column in the table you’re editing,

along with a couple of its properties such as its header and source

expression (see “EXPRESSIONS”).

The key mappings are Vim-style, as in many other places. Pressing ‘j’ and

‘k’ moves the highlight up or down. You can then (d)elete or (e)dit the

highlighted column. You can also (a)dd a column to the table. This

actually just activates one of the columns already defined for the table;

it prompts you to choose from among the columns available but not

currently displayed. Finally, you can re-order the columns with the ‘+’

and ‘-‘ keys.

You can do more than just edit the columns with the table editor, you can

also edit other properties, such as the table’s sort expression and group-

by expression. Press ‘?’ to see the full list, of course.

If you want to really customize and create your own column, as opposed to

just activating a built-in one that’s not currently displayed, press the

(n)ew key, and innotop will prompt you for the information it needs:

· The column name: this needs to be a word without any funny characters,
e.g. just letters, numbers and underscores.

· The column header: this is the label that appears at the top of the
column, in the table header. This can have spaces and funny

characters, but be careful not to make it too wide and waste space on-

screen.

· The column’s data source: this is an expression that determines what
data from the source (see “TABLES”) innotop will put into the column.

This can just be the name of an item in the source, or it can be a

more complex expression, as described in “EXPRESSIONS”.

Once you’ve entered the required data, your table has a new column. There

is no difference between this column and the built-in ones; it can have

all the same properties and behaviors. innotop will write the column’s

definition to the configuration file, so it will persist across sessions.

Here’s an example: suppose you want to track how many times your slaves

have retried transactions. According to the MySQL manual, the

Slave_retried_transactions status variable gives you that data: “The total

number of times since startup that the replication slave SQL thread has

retried transactions. This variable was added in version 5.0.4.” This is

appropriate to add to the “slave_sql_status” table.

To add the column, switch to the replication-monitoring mode with the ‘M’

key, and press the ‘^’ key to start the table editor. When prompted,

choose slave_sql_status as the table, then press ‘n’ to create the column.

Type ‘retries’ as the column name, ‘Retries’ as the column header, and

‘Slave_retried_transactions’ as the source. Now the column is created,

and you see the table editor screen again. Press ‘q’ to exit the table

editor, and you’ll see your column at the end of the table.

变量设置

Variable sets are used in “S: Variables & Status” mode to define more

easily what variables you want to monitor. Behind the scenes they are

compiled to a list of expressions, and then into a column list so they can

be treated just like columns in any other table, in terms of data

extraction and transformations. However, you’re protected from the

tedious details by a syntax that ought to feel very natural to you: a SQL

SELECT list.

The data source for variable sets, and indeed the entire S mode, is the

combination of SHOW STATUS, SHOW VARIABLES, and SHOW INNODB STATUS.

Imagine that you had a huge table with one column per variable returned

from those statements. That’s the data source for variable sets. You can

now query this data source just like you’d expect. For example:

Questions, Uptime, Questions/Uptime as QPS

Behind the scenes innotop will split that variable set into three

expressions, compile them and turn them into a table definition, then

extract as usual. This becomes a “variable set,” or a “list of variables

you want to monitor.”

innotop lets you name and save your variable sets, and writes them to the

configuration file. You can choose which variable set you want to see

with the ‘c’ key, or activate the next and previous sets with the ‘>’ and

‘<‘ keys. There are many built-in variable sets as well, which should

give you a good start for creating your own. Press ‘e’ to edit the

current variable set, or just to see how it’s defined. To create a new

one, just press ‘c’ and type its name.

You may want to use some of the functions listed in “TRANSFORMATIONS” to

help format the results. In particular, “set_precision” is often useful

to limit the number of digits you see. Extending the above example,

here’s how:

Questions, Uptime, set_precision(Questions/Uptime) as QPS

Actually, this still needs a little more work. If your “interval” is less

than one second, you might be dividing by zero because Uptime is

incremental in this mode by default. Instead, use Uptime_hires:

Questions, Uptime, set_precision(Questions/Uptime_hires) as QPS

This example is simple, but it shows how easy it is to choose which

variables you want to monitor.

相关插件

innotop has a simple but powerful plugin mechanism by which you can extend

or modify its existing functionality, and add new functionality.

innotop’s plugin functionality is event-based: plugins register themselves

to be called when events happen. They then have a chance to influence the

event.

An innotop plugin is a Perl module (.pm) file placed in innotop’s

“plugin_dir” directory. On UNIX systems, you can place a symbolic link to

the module instead of putting the actual file there. innotop

automatically discovers files named “*.pm”. If there is a corresponding

entry in the “plugins” configuration file section, innotop loads and

activates the plugin.

The module must conform to innotop’s plugin interface. Additionally, the

source code of the module must be written in such a way that innotop can

inspect the file and determine the package name and description.

Package Source Convention

innotop inspects the plugin module’s source to determine the Perl package

name. It looks for a line of the form “package Foo;” and if found,

considers the plugin’s package name to be Foo. Of course the package name

can be a valid Perl package name such as Foo::Bar, with double colons (::)

and so on.

It also looks for a description in the source code, to make the plugin

editor more human-friendly. The description is a comment line of the form

“# description: Foo”, where “Foo” is the text innotop will consider to be

the plugin’s description.

Plugin Interface

The innotop plugin interface is quite simple: innotop expects the plugin

to be an object-oriented module it can call certain methods on. The

methods are

new(%variables)
This is the plugin’s constructor. It is passed a hash of innotop’s

variables, which it can manipulate (see “Plugin Variables”). It must

return a reference to the newly created plugin object.

At construction time, innotop has only loaded the general

configuration and created the default built-in variables with their

default contents (which is quite a lot). Therefore, the state of the

program is exactly as in the innotop source code, plus the

configuration variables from the “general” section in the config file.

If your plugin manipulates the variables, it is changing global data,

which is shared by innotop and all plugins. Plugins are loaded in the

order they’re listed in the config file. Your plugin may load before

or after another plugin, so there is a potential for conflict or

interaction between plugins if they modify data other plugins use or

modify.

register_for_events()
This method must return a list of events in which the plugin is

interested, if any. See “Plugin Events” for the defined events. If

the plugin returns an event that’s not defined, the event is ignored.

event handlers
The plugin must implement a method named the same as each event for

which it has registered. In other words, if the plugin returns qw(foo

bar) from register_for_events(), it must have foo() and bar() methods.

These methods are callbacks for the events. See “Plugin Events” for

more details about each event.

Plugin Variables

The plugin’s constructor is passed a hash of innotop’s variables, which it

can manipulate. It is probably a good idea if the plugin object saves a

copy of it for later use. The variables are defined in the innotop

variable %pluggable_vars, and are as follows:

action_for
A hashref of key mappings. These are innotop’s global hot-keys.

agg_funcs
A hashref of functions that can be used for grouping. See “GROUPING”.

config
The global configuration hash.

connections
A hashref of connection specifications. These are just specifications

of how to connect to a server.

dbhs
A hashref of innotop’s database connections. These are actual DBI

connection objects.

filters
A hashref of filters applied to table rows. See “FILTERS” for more.

modes
A hashref of modes. See “MODES” for more.

server_groups
A hashref of server groups. See “SERVER GROUPS”.

tbl_meta
A hashref of innotop’s table meta-data, with one entry per table (see

“TABLES” for more information).

trans_funcs
A hashref of transformation functions. See “TRANSFORMATIONS”.

var_sets
A hashref of variable sets. See “VARIABLE SETS”.

Plugin Events

Each event is defined somewhere in the innotop source code. When innotop

runs that code, it executes the callback function for each plugin that

expressed its interest in the event. innotop passes some data for each

event. The events are defined in the %event_listener_for variable, and

are as follows:

extract_values($set, $cur, $pre, $tbl)
This event occurs inside the function that extracts values from a data

source. The arguments are the set of values, the current values, the

previous values, and the table name.

set_to_tbl
Events are defined at many places in this subroutine, which is

responsible for turning an arrayref of hashrefs into an arrayref of

lines that can be printed to the screen. The events all pass the same

data: an arrayref of rows and the name of the table being created.

The events are set_to_tbl_pre_filter,

set_to_tbl_pre_sort,set_to_tbl_pre_group, set_to_tbl_pre_colorize,

set_to_tbl_pre_transform, set_to_tbl_pre_pivot, set_to_tbl_pre_create,

set_to_tbl_post_create.

draw_screen($lines)
This event occurs inside the subroutine that prints the lines to the

screen. $lines is an arrayref of strings.

Simple Plugin Example

The easiest way to explain the plugin functionality is probably with a

simple example. The following module adds a column to the beginning of

every table and sets its value to 1. (If you copy and paste this example

code, be sure to remove the first space from each line; lines such as ‘#

description’ must not start with whitespace).

use strict;
use warnings FATAL => 'all';

package Innotop::Plugin::Example;
# description: Adds an 'example' column to every table

sub new {
   my ( $class, %vars ) = @_;
   # Store reference to innotop's variables in $self
   my $self = bless { %vars }, $class;

   # Design the example column
   my $col = {
	  hdr   => 'Example',
	  just  => '',
	  dec   => 0,
	  num   => 1,
	  label => 'Example',
	  src   => 'example', # Get data from this column in the data source
	  tbl   => '',
	  trans => [],
   };

   # Add the column to every table.
   my $tbl_meta = $vars{tbl_meta};
   foreach my $tbl ( values %$tbl_meta ) {
	  # Add the column to the list of defined columns
	  $tbl->{cols}->{example} = $col;
	  # Add the column to the list of visible columns
	  unshift @{$tbl->{visible}}, 'example';
   }

   # Be sure to return a reference to the object.
   return $self;
}

# I'd like to be called when a data set is being rendered into a table, please.
sub register_for_events {
   my ( $self ) = @_;
   return qw(set_to_tbl_pre_filter);
}

# This method will be called when the event fires.
sub set_to_tbl_pre_filter {
   my ( $self, $rows, $tbl ) = @_;
   # Set the example column's data source to the value 1.
   foreach my $row ( @$rows ) {
	  $row->{example} = 1;
   }
}

1;

Plugin Editor

The plugin editor lets you view the plugins innotop discovered and

activate or deactivate them. Start the editor by pressing $ to start the

configuration editor from any mode. Press the ‘p’ key to start the plugin

editor. You’ll see a list of plugins innotop discovered. You can use the

‘j’ and ‘k’ keys to move the highlight to the desired one, then press the

* key to toggle it active or inactive. Exit the editor and restart

innotop for the changes to take effect.

SQL语句

innotop uses a limited set of SQL statements to retrieve data from MySQL

for display. The statements are customized depending on the server

version against which they are executed; for example, on MySQL 5 and

newer, INNODB_STATUS executes “SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS”, while on

earlier versions it executes “SHOW INNODB STATUS”. The statements are as

follows:

Statement SQL executed

=================== ===============================

INDEX_STATISTICS SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.INDEX_STATISTICS

INNODB_STATUS SHOW [ENGINE] INNODB STATUS

KILL_CONNECTION KILL

KILL_QUERY KILL QUERY

OPEN_TABLES SHOW OPEN TABLES

PROCESSLIST SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST

SHOW_MASTER_LOGS SHOW MASTER LOGS

SHOW_MASTER_STATUS SHOW MASTER STATUS

SHOW_SLAVE_STATUS SHOW SLAVE STATUS

SHOW_STATUS SHOW [GLOBAL] STATUS

SHOW_VARIABLES SHOW [GLOBAL] VARIABLES

TABLE_STATISTICS SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLE_STATISTICS

数据源(DATA SOURCES)

Each time innotop extracts values to create a table (see “EXPRESSIONS” and

“TABLES”), it does so from a particular data source. Largely because of

the complex data extracted from SHOW INNODB STATUS, this is slightly

messy. SHOW INNODB STATUS contains a mixture of single values and

repeated values that form nested data sets.

Whenever innotop fetches data from MySQL, it adds two extra bits to each

set: cxn and Uptime_hires. cxn is the name of the connection from which

the data came. Uptime_hires is a high-resolution version of the server’s

Uptime status variable, which is important if your “interval” setting is

sub-second.

Here are the kinds of data sources from which data is extracted:

STATUS_VARIABLES
This is the broadest category, into which the most kinds of data fall.

It begins with the combination of SHOW STATUS and SHOW VARIABLES, but

other sources may be included as needed, for example, SHOW MASTER

STATUS and SHOW SLAVE STATUS, as well as many of the non-repeated

values from SHOW INNODB STATUS.

DEADLOCK_LOCKS
This data is extracted from the transaction list in the LATEST

DETECTED DEADLOCK section of SHOW INNODB STATUS. It is nested two

levels deep: transactions, then locks.

DEADLOCK_TRANSACTIONS
This data is from the transaction list in the LATEST DETECTED DEADLOCK

section of SHOW INNODB STATUS. It is nested one level deep.

EXPLAIN
This data is from the result set returned by EXPLAIN.

INNODB_BLOCKED_BLOCKER
This data is from the INFORMATION_SCHEMA tables related to InnoDB

locks and the processlist.

INNODB_TRANSACTIONS
This data is from the TRANSACTIONS section of SHOW INNODB STATUS.

IO_THREADS
This data is from the list of threads in the the FILE I/O section of

SHOW INNODB STATUS.

INNODB_LOCKS
This data is from the TRANSACTIONS section of SHOW INNODB STATUS and

is nested two levels deep.

MASTER_SLAVE
This data is from the combination of SHOW MASTER STATUS and SHOW SLAVE

STATUS.

OPEN_TABLES
This data is from SHOW OPEN TABLES.

PROCESSLIST
This data is from SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST.

PROCESSLIST_STATS
This data is from SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST and computes stats such as the

maximum time a user query has been running, and how many user queries

are running. A “user query” excludes replication threads.

OS_WAIT_ARRAY
This data is from the SEMAPHORES section of SHOW INNODB STATUS and is

nested one level deep. It comes from the lines that look like this:

–Thread 1568861104 has waited at btr0cur.c line 424 ….

MySQL权限

· You must connect to MySQL as a user who has the SUPER privilege for
many of the functions.

· If you don’t have the SUPER privilege, you can still run some
functions, but you won’t necessarily see all the same data.

· You need the PROCESS privilege to see the list of currently running
queries in Q mode.

· You need special privileges to start and stop slave servers.

· You need appropriate privileges to create and drop the deadlock tables
if needed (see “SERVER CONNECTIONS”).

系统要求

You need Perl to run innotop, of course. You also need a few Perl

modules: DBI, DBD::mysql, Term::ReadKey, and Time::HiRes. These should

be included with most Perl distributions, but in case they are not, I

recommend using versions distributed with your operating system or Perl

distribution, not from CPAN. Term::ReadKey in particular has been known

to cause problems if installed from CPAN.

If you have Term::ANSIColor, innotop will use it to format headers more

readably and compactly. (Under Microsoft Windows, you also need

Win32::Console::ANSI for terminal formatting codes to be honored). If you

install Term::ReadLine, preferably Term::ReadLine::Gnu, you’ll get nice

auto-completion support.

I run innotop on Gentoo GNU/Linux, Debian and Ubuntu, and I’ve had

feedback from people successfully running it on Red Hat, CentOS, Solaris,

and Mac OSX. I don’t see any reason why it won’t work on other UNIX-ish

operating systems, but I don’t know for sure. It also runs on Windows

under ActivePerl without problem.

innotop has been used on MySQL versions 3.23.58, 4.0.27, 4.1.0, 4.1.22,

5.0.26, 5.1.15, and 5.2.3. If it doesn’t run correctly for you, that is a

bug that should be reported.

相关文件

$HOMEDIR/.innotop and/or /etc/innotop are used to store configuration

information. Files include the configuration file innotop.conf, the

core_dump file which contains verbose error messages if “debug” is

enabled, and the plugins/ subdirectory.

相关专业属于

tick
A tick is a refresh event, when innotop re-fetches data from

connections and displays it.

相关知识

The following people and organizations are acknowledged for various

reasons. Hopefully no one has been forgotten.

Aaron Racine, Allen K. Smith, Aurimas Mikalauskas, Bartosz Fenski, Brian

Miezejewski, Christian Hammers, Cyril Scetbon, Dane Miller, David Multer,

Dr. Frank Ullrich, Giuseppe Maxia, Google.com Site Reliability Engineers,

Google Code, Jan Pieter Kunst, Jari Aalto, Jay Pipes, Jeremy Zawodny,

Johan Idren, Kristian Kohntopp, Lenz Grimmer, Maciej Dobrzanski, Michiel

Betel, MySQL AB, Paul McCullagh, Sebastien Estienne, Sourceforge.net,

Steven Kreuzer, The Gentoo MySQL Team, Trevor Price, Yaar Schnitman, and

probably more people that have not been included.

(If your name has been misspelled, it’s probably out of fear of putting

international characters into this documentation; earlier versions of Perl

might not be able to compile it then).

参考文献

  • man 1 innotop
  • 源码目录 / INSTALL文件