「ENGLISH」- 副词从句简化

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针对传统语法，其将副词从句的简化称为分词构句、独立短语等。这种标示方式不但不够周延，也不够深入，造成许多学习者的困扰。若运用简化从句的基本观念就不会有这些问题。本章先研究的情形。

从简化从句的角度来看，副词从句的简化有很多变化，但大约可分 5 种不同情况来探讨：

  • 简化为 Ving 补语
  • 其他情形。

简化为 Ving 补语

若副词从句是一般语法书所谓的进行式（be +Ving），那么省略主语和 be 动词后就只剩 Ving 补语。反之，若无 be 动词可省略，也没有语气助动词可供改写，就得先改成进行式，再省略 be 动词，仍然可得到 Ving 的结果。

While he was lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep.（小男孩在沙发上躺着，就睡着了。）

上例中，副词从句的主语 he 就是主要从句的主语 the boy，这个重复就有可以省略的空间。同时，副词从句中有现成的 be 动词，是 Linking Verb（连缀动词），本身没有意义，因此，省去主语与 be 动词，不会改变原句的意思：

While lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep. 简化副词从句

连接词的保留与省略

副词从句因为已经简化，不再有主语、动词，所以上例中它的连接词 while 也没有存在的必要。不过，针对副词从句的连接词，除了语法功能之外，还有词义的功能：while 和 before 不同，也和 if, although 等不一样，虽然简化了，副词从句的连接词有时还是要保留，至于保留与否则完全取决于修辞（语义）上是否清楚。简化是为了让句子更简洁，可是绝不可伤害清楚性。

在句子够清楚的前提下，副词从句的连接词可以一并省去，上例即成为：Lying on the couch[简化副词从句], the boy fell asleep.

一般来说，while、when、…… 是表示“当……之时”的连接词，because、as、since、…… 是表示”因为”的连接词，通常将其省略后不妨碍句子的清楚性。但还是要根据具体句子去判断，看看省略之后读者是否可能会误解。

当进行简化动作时，表示原因的连接词（because、since、……）通常要省略，若保留下来会显得相当刺眼。因为这种句型本身就强烈暗示因果关系，再加上 because 会十分累赘。

相反，如果连接词省略会造成句意不清，就得保留。

Although we have nothing to do here, we can’t leave early.（虽然这儿没事，我们还是不能提早离开。）

副词从句的主语 we 与主要从句的主语相同，可以省略。动词 have 是普通动词，可以改成 having 保留下来，成为：

Although having nothing to do here, we can’t leave early. 简化副词从句

本来没事应该可以离开，但是却相反。这种“相反”的逻辑关系要靠连接词 although 来表示，所以 although 不宜省略，不然会让读者搞不清楚：是因为没事才不能早走吗？

语法上 although 这个连接词已无必要，只是为了表达逻辑关系而保留。如果省略它，用别的方式来表示逻辑关系也未尝不可，例如：

Having nothing to do here, we still can’t leave early.

在主要从句中加个副词 still 就可取代 although 来表达”相反” 的逻辑，although 省略也不会造成语意不清。

He raised his hand, as if he was trying to hit her.（他举起手来，好像要打她。）

副词从句的 he was 省略之后，就简化为：

1、He raised his hand,
as if trying to hit her
[简化副词从句].

例 1 的连接词 as if 不宜省略，不然会产生误解：

2、He raised his hand, trying to hit her
[简化副词从句]..

例 2 中省略连接词 as if，意思就成为：他举起手来，“因为”要打她。读者看不到连接词，往往会联想最常见的 because，因而就产生误解。这时就不应省略连接词。

所谓“分词构句”的说法

以例 2 而言，省去 while 之后，句子仍然清楚，不过传统语法学家解释起来就大费周章。他们只看到 lying on the couch 是现在分词短语，属于形容词类，但显然不是用来修饰名词类的 the boy（它不是用来特别指出哪一个男孩），而是修饰动词类的 fell（用来说明是何时、在何种状态下睡着）。以形容词修饰动词，这不是犯了词类错误吗？面对这个矛盾，语法学家于是创造了一个名称：分词构句 lying on the couch 这个分词短语本身就构成一个从句，一个修饰动词 fell 的副词从句。

了解简化从句的来龙去脉后，就会了解“分词构句”一词实在是多此一举。lying on the couch 本来就是副词从句 while he was lying on the couch 的简化，无需用任何特别名称来表示。当然，若把连接词 while 保留（如例 1），可以更明确表示这是副词从句。在这个例子中，是否要保留 while 属于个人的选择：若比较注重句子的清楚性，就保留它。若比较注重简洁性，就省略它。不论有无 while，都不影响一个事实：lying on the couch 是简化的副词从句。

当没有 be 动词与助动词时

如果原来的副词从句没有 be 动词，也没有语气助动词（can、must、may），只有普通动词，那么就会成为 Ving 的形式。

Because we have nothing to do here, we might as well go home.（在这儿也没事做，我们还不如回家算了。）

观察副词从句中的 to do here，其实这是简化的形容词从句（形容词从句的简化已经在前面章节介绍过），原来是 that we can do here 从句，修饰先行词 nothing。

然后，再看看副词从句的动词 have，这是普通动词，没有 be 动词可省略，也没有语气助动词可供改写。这个动词若不处理掉，句子将无法简化。所以必须加上 be 动词，原来的动词 have 就得变成 having:

Because we are having nothing to do here, we might as well go home.

请注意：这种修改不是为了要改成进行式（这个句子并不适合采进行式），而是为了做词类变化: 把 having nothing to do here 移入补语部分，we are 便得以省略，成为：

Having nothing to do here
[简花副词从句], we might as well go home.

being 的运用

通常，当简化时，副词从句的 be 动词要省略，但有些状况下要以 being 的方式留下来。

As I am a student：I can’t afford to get married.（因为现在我还是学生，所以结不起婚。）

这个句子有几种简化方式。如果把副词从句中的 I am 省略，剩下的补语 a student 是名词类的。 假如连接词 as 再省略，只剩下 a student 就省略得太过头了，读者无从判断这是个简化的副词从句（因形状差太多），反而可能误会 a student 是主语，或者是同位语。为了避免误会，一个办法是保留连接词：

As a student
[简化副词从句], 1 can’t afford to get married.

只要有连接词，读者可以清楚看出是简化从句，a student 是省略 I am 以后留下的补语，整个句意就很清楚。

另个办法是省略连接词 as，借用无意义的 be 动词改成 being:

Being a student
[简化副词从句], I can’t afford to get married.

being a student 因为有 being，所以 a student 很明显是补语，意思是“身为学生”或“是学生”。谁是？主语当然是和主要从句的主语 I 相同：我是，这样句意也就清楚了。

兼作介系词的连接词：before, after, since

还有一种情况需要使用 being，情形稍微复杂一些。

Before he was in school, he used to be a naughty child.（上学读书以前，他原本是个小顽童。）

副词从句中有现成的 he was 可省略。如果省略，连接词 before 也一并拿掉，就成为：

In school, he used to be a naughty child.

该句子语法正确，但是却修改原句语义，成为：他从前在学校里很调皮。会产生句意的出入，主要是因为表示时间关系的连接词 before 被省略了。若把 before 保留呢？

Before in school, he used to be a naughty child.（误）

保留 before 问题就更大了。因为 before 这个字除了当连接词以外，也可以当介系词（例如 before 1977, before the war 等等）。简化从句中，如果留下 before，因为已经省去主语、动词，读者会认为该 before 是介系词，不是连接词。那么 before 后面就只能接名词类的东西。而 before in school 这个组合因而成为一项语法错误。

针对该词类的错误，修改方法是进行词类变化。若把 in school 改成名词类，例如去掉 in，就可以放在 before 之后，成为 before school。如此一来，语法问题是解决了，但是意思稍嫌不清楚。因为 before school 看起来不像“开始上学读书以前”，反而像“早上开始上课前”。

另个改法，则是借用无字面意义的 be 动词来作词类变化。一旦有 be 动词存在，后面就可以接补语 in school。 而 be 动词本身采用 being（动名词）的形状，放在介系词 before 的后面也符合词类的要求，这样才算解决了问题。

Before being in school, he used to be a naughty child.

副词从句的连接词中,before、after, since 是身兼连接词与介系词的双重词类。简化时要注意：它会被视为介系词，故后面只能接名词类，必要时得加上 being 来作词类变化。

时态的问题

简化副词从句还得注意时态问题。

After he wrote the letter, he put it to mail.（他写好了信，就拿去邮寄。）

这两个从句中的动词 wrote 与 put 都是过去简单式，两者的先后顺序是靠连接词 after 来区分。在副词从句简化时，有以下两个选择：

1、After writing the letter, he put it to mail.

简化的步骤仍是省去相同的 he 主语，把普通动词改为 Ving。如果像例 1 选择把连接词 after 留下来，就可以清楚分出先后顺序，是正确的简化从句。

补充：在从句简化后，after 即成为介系词，后面要接名词。writing the letter 是动名词短语，可以符合词类要求。

然而若把连接词 after —并省略就会出现问题：

Writing the letter, he put it to mail.（误）

因为 after 省略了，读者看到的印象会是：When he was writing the letter, he put it to mail.（他正在写信的时候，拿去邮寄。）这就不合理了。读者在看不到连接词时，会假设时间副词从句的连接词是 when。

所以，如果要省略 After，在时态上，要做如下的处理：

Having written the letter, he put it to mail.

这是用完成式与简单式的对比来交代写信在先，邮寄在后。句子还原后就能看得更清楚：

When he had written the letter, he put it to mail.

若连接词是不能表达先后功能的 when，就得靠动词时态来表达。had written（过去完成式）在先，put（过去简单式）在后。以这句来说，副词从句的动词 had written 没有 be 动词，也没有语气助动词（had 是时态助动词），简化方法就只有加 -ing 成为 having written。连接词 when 属于可省略之列。例 2 即是简化结果，也是正确的简化从句做法。

Dangling Modifier 的错误，及“独立短语”

副词从句的简化，有个相当严格的要求：主语只有在与主要从句相同时，才可省略。若主语与主要从句不同，则就不能“简单地”省略。

如果忽略该要求而进行省略，会产生语法、修辞的错误。该错误一不小心就会发生，修辞学使用 Dangling Modifiers（悬荡修饰语）来称呼这种现象。

When the child was already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodnight.（小孩已在床上睡熟了，这时她妈妈来亲她一下道晚安。）

副词从句的主语是 the child，主要从句的主语是 her mother。若简化时省去主语与 be 动词，就会得岀这个结果：

Already sleeping soundly in bed
[Dangling Modifier], her mother came to kiss her goodnight.（误）

看到 already sleeping soundly in bed 这个简化从句时，知道有个人在床上熟睡，但主语已省略，不知是谁在睡，这时候读者只能假定就是主要从句的主语 her mother，这个句子就因而发生了沟通的错误。简化副词从句属于副词类，是个修饰语，可是却找不到依归，有如悬荡在半空中，所以这是个被称为 Dangling Modifier 的错误。

碰到这种问题，有两种常用的修改方式：

其一从主要从句下手：改变主要从句的结构，让它的主语与副词从句的主语相同。主语相同时，简化副词从句就可尘埃落定，找到修饰的对象。

Already sleeping soundly in bed, the child did not know it when her mother came to kiss her goodnight. （小孩在床上熟睡着，并不知道妈妈来亲她道晚安。）

另种改法是从副词从句下手：保留不同的主语。选择保留从句主语后，只省略 be 动词和连接词。在主语后面，保留现在分词或过去分词的补语。

上面的例子可以修改如下：

The child already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodnight.

在传统语法中，称这种保留主语的简化副词从句为“独立短语”。那是把 already sleeping soundly in bed 视为形容词短语看待，修饰前面的 the child 名词。但名词 the child 就无法成功纳入主要从句来诠释。传统语法分析不够深入，因此碰到困难就取个名称来搪塞, “独立短语”的名称就是这样来的——无法纳入主要从句中，就叫它“独立”好了！

从简化从句的角度来看就能完整地了解。简化时以不妨碍清楚性为原则。一般的副词从句要省去主语，是因为和主要从句主语重复，省略不会影响语意。可是主语不同时，一旦省略就会造成语意不清。这时的选择就是不省略，把主语保留下来，如此而已。

保留主语时的注意事项

简化副词从句时，如果主语不同而需保留，有两点必须注意:

第一，连接词要省略。简化从句一般是省略主语、be 动词与连接词（视情形决定是否省略）。如果主语要保留，连接词又留下，仅省略 be 动词，那么并没有达到简化的效果。

When the child already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodnight.（误）

这个句子看起来不像简化从句，反而像写错了，漏掉一个 be 动词。

第二,后面必须配合使用分词补语（Ving 或 Ved）。因为只有如此，才可明显看出这是省略 be 动词的简化从句。The child sleeping soundly 清楚说明 the child 是主语，sleeping soundly 是补语，省略 be 动词与连接词，形成简化的副词从句。传统语法把“独立短语”视为“分词构句” 的变化，就是因为保留主语和使用分词补语有必然的关联性。

Test for Ving

下面附上一篇练习，复习从属从句的简化。有些题目是复习前两章关于形容词从句与名词从句简化的观念，有些题目则要等到副词从句全部讲完才能完全清楚。读者不妨先做做看。遇到不会做的题目先别着急，等到简化从句讲完时再来回顾，就不会有问题了。

练习一
将下列各句中的副词从句（即画底线部分）改写为简化从句：
1.While he was watching TV, the boy heard a strange noise coming from the kitchen.
2.Because she lives with her parents, the girl can’t stay out very late.
3.If you have finished your work, you can help me with mine.
4.As he is a law-enforcement officer, he cannot drink on duty.
5.The actor has been in a state of excitement ever since he was nominated for the Oscar.
6.After he addressed the congregation, the minister left in a hurry.
7.As it was rather warm, we decided to go for a swim.
8.When the students have all left, the teacher started looking over their examination sheets.
9.I know all about com farming because I grew up in a Southern farm.
10.As the door remained shut, the servant could not hear what was going on inside.
练习二
请选出最适当的答案填入空格内，以使句子完整。

  1. on the sofa, we began to watch television.

(A)Sat

(B)Seat

(C)Seated

(D)Set

2.Returning to the room, .

(A)the book was lost

(B)I found the book missing

(C)missing was book

(D)the book was missing

3.The average age of the Lishan apples today is about fifty years.

(A)grow

(B)grown

(C)growing

(D)to grow

4.Underground money lenders make most of their income from interest on loans.

(A)earn

(B)earned

(C)to earn

(D)was earned

5 the driveway, the house appeared to be much smaller than it had seemed to us as children many years ago.

(A)Standing in

(B)Seen from

(C)Crossing

(D)Driving down

6.After finishing my degree,

(A)my education will be employed by the university

(B)employment will be given to me by the university

(C)the university will employ me

(D)I will be employed by the university

7.The man the paper is my father.

(A)reads

(B)reading

(C)is reading

(D)read

  1. , he washed the cup and put it away.

(A)Drinking the coffee

(B)Having drunk the coffee

(C)Having drank the coffee

(D)After drank the coffee

  1. to the south of China, not far away from the coast of Mainland , Hainan Island has long played an important role in China’s tourism.

(A)Its location

(B)Locating

(C)Is located

(D)Located

10.John Williams wrote his first novel .

(A)while he worked a porter at a hotel in Paris

(B)while working as a porter at a hotel in Paris

(C)while worked as a porter at a hotel in Paris

(D)while he was worked as a porter a hotel in Paris

Answer 19
练习一
1.(While) watching TV, the boy heard a strange noise coming from the kitchen.
2.Living with her parents, the girl can’t stay out very late.
3.If having finished your work, you can help me with mine.
4.Being a law-enforcement officer, he cannot drink on duty.
5.The actor has been in a state of excitement ever since being nominated for the Oscar.
6.After addressing the congregation, the minister left in a hurry. 或 Having addressed the congregation, the minister left in a hurry.
7.It being rather warm, we decided to go for a swim.
8.The students having all left the teacher started looking over their examination sheets.
9.I know all about corn farming, having grown up in a Southern farm.
10.The door remaining shut, the servant could not hear what was going on inside.
376
练习二
1.(C)
seat 是及物动词，本句是 we were seated on the sofa 的简化。
2.(B)
Returning to the room 是简化从句，必须与主要从句同一主语。四个答案中只有 B 的主语是人，符合这个要求。
3.(C)
空格部分是 that are growing today 的简化，成为 growing today (今天在长的)。若是 B，应为 that are grown today (今天种下去的)这一句的简化，文法也通，但是如果今天才种下去，不可能“平均年龄 50 岁二所以不行。
4.(B)
这是 that is earned on loans 这个形容词从句的简化。
5.(B)
四个答案都是副词从句简化，条件是要与主要从句同一主语 (the house)，所以只有 A 或 Bo the driveway 是“车道”，房子不能站在它里面，所以排除掉 A，剩下 B (When it was seen from 的简化)。
After finishing my degree 是 After I finish my degree 的简化，所以主要从句只能用 I 作主语，因而只有 D。
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7.(B)
空格以下是 who is reading the paper 的简化。
8.(B)
A 看起来像是 when he was drinking the coffee 的简化，既然还在喝，不应洗杯子。所以选完成式的 B，表示“喝完之后气
9.(D)
这是 Hainan Island is located to the south…这一句的简化。
10.(B)
这是 while he was working as a porter…的简化。A 中 while he worked a porter 当 worked 的宾语使用，是误把不及物的 work 当作及物动词使用。

简化为 Ven

从属从句简化的共同原则是省略主语与 be 动词。在副词从句中，如果原本是被动态(be+Ven)，那么简化之后没有了 be 动词，就会成为 Ven 的形态。

After he was shot in the knee, he couldn’t fight. (膝盖中枪后，他就不能作战了。)

例句中，副词从句的主语 he 与主要从句的主语相同，可以简化。省去主语与 be 动词后，不再需要连接词，成为：

Shot in the knee
[简化副词从句], he couldn’t fight.

是否保留连接词

上例中连接词 after 可以不留，因为 shot 是过去分词，本身就表示“已经中枪”、“中枪之后”，已有完成式的暗示，因而不再需要 after 一词。

Although he was shot in the knee, he killed three more enemysoldiers.（虽然膝盖中枪，他仍多杀了三名敌军。）

句中连接词 although 带有“相反”的暗示，省去后意思会有出入，应该予以保留：

Although shot in the knee, he killed three more enemy soldiers. 简化副词从句

或者，如果省略 although 的话，也必须用其他方式来表示句中的“相反”暗示，例如：

Shot in the knee, he still killed three more enemy soldiers.

特殊的连接词：before, after, since

另外，连接词如果要留下来，要注意一点：before, after, since 这三个连接词也可以当介系词用。如果其中任何一个出现在简化从句中，由于没有了主语、动词，这个连接词就得当介系词看待，亦即：后面要接名词。

Before it was redecorated, the house was in bad shape.（这栋房子重新装潢之前状况很糟。）

副词从句简化之后，连接词 before 不能省略，否则意思会不同，成为：

Redecorated, the house was in bad shape.

因为过去分词 redecorated 有完成的暗示，上面这句的意思是 “重新装潢后，这栋房子状况很糟。”若要维持原意，则连接词 before 不能省略。但是，before 是可以当介系词使用的连接词，留下来又会有问题：

Before redecorated, the house was in bad shape.（误）

上句的错误在于 before 此时是介系词，后面却只有形容词类的 redecorated，造成语法错误。修改的办法是改变 redecorated 的词性。若要保留它的被动态，就不能作词尾的词类变化，只能在前面加 being 来作词类变化：

Before being redecorated the house was in bad shape. 简化副词从句

be 动词是没有内容的字眼。在此加上 being 一词，纯粹是因应词类变化的需求：用动名词词尾的-ing 来变成名词，以符合 before 介系词的要求。另外，以这个例子而言，忽略 redecorated 的被动态，改成名词 redecorated，意思仍不失清楚：

Before redecoration, the house was in bad shape. 介系词短语

除了 before 以外，after 和 since 这两个连接词如需保留，也都要注意词类的问题。

如何应用 having been

许多学习者对 having been 颇觉困扰。

1、Because they had been warned, they proceeded carefully.（因为已经得到警告，他们就很小心地进行。）

简化这个句子里的副词从句时，主语 they 当然可以先省掉。动词 had been warned 有两种处理方式。be 动词固然没有内容，可以省略，但是 had been 是 be 动词的完成式，有“已经……”的意味。如果要保留下来，就得先把 had been 改成分词类的 having been，成为：

2、Having been warned, they proceeded carefully.

另外，如果忽略例 1 中 had been 的完成式内容，把整个 be 动词的完成式视同一般的 be 动词，随主语一起省略，就可以把例 1 简化为：

3、Warned, they proceeded carefully.

这个句子中，warned 字是过去分词，本身就具有完成的暗示（表示“已经”受到警告），所以把 had been 省略并不影响句意。

如果把例 2 和例 3 两句比较一下，当可发现：having been 后面如果跟的是过去分词，那么即使把 having been 省略，在语法上同样正确（因为例 2 的 having…和例 3 的 warned 同属分词，词类相同），而且在意思上也相同。因为例 2 的 having been 是表达”已经” 的意思，而例 3 里的 warned 同样表达了 “已经”的意思。所以,having been 后面如果跟的是过去分词，就可省略，不会有任何影响。

主语不同时

副词从句简化为 Ven，如果主语和主要从句的主语不同，就得把主语留下来，不得省略。

When the coffin had been interred, the minister said a few comforting words.(棺材入土后，牧师说了几句安慰的话。)

副词从句的主语是棺材，和主要从句的主语牧师不同，不能省略，不然会出现下面的结果：

(Having been) interred, the minister said a few comforting words.(误)

其意思是“牧师入土之后，牧师说了几句安慰的话。”正确做法是：当主语不同时，要把主语留下，动词加以简化，并省去连接词，成为：

The coffin (having been) interred, the minister said a few comforting words.

简化为 to V

如果原来的副词从句中有语气助动词(can, should, must 之类)，带有不确定语气，简化之后就会成为不定词。

He studied hard in order that he could get a scholarship[副词从句]. (他用功读书，为的是要拿奖学金。)

副词从句的动词 could get 并不表示拿到了奖学金，只是想要拿，带有不确定语气。这时就可简化为不定词。从前提过，所有的语气助动词都可改写为 be+to 的形状，意思不会有太大的变化。所以助动词的简化，去除了 be 动词就剩下 to，成为不定词：

He studied hard
in order to get a scholarship
[简化副词从句].

I’ll only be too glad if I can help.（如果帮得上忙，我非常乐意。）

副词从句中的动词 can help 有助动词在，仍是不确定语气：还没开始帮忙。简化后成为：

I’ll only be too glad
to help
[简化副词从句].

在副词从句中，凡有助动词存在，简化的结果都是一样连接词省略，主语如果相同亦省略，助动词拿掉 be 动词之后变成 to，所以就剩下 to V 的结果。

单纯的 be 动词时

针对副词从句的，若其动词是单纯的 be 动词，则 be 后面可能是一般的名词、形容词类的补语。要简化时，首先得注意主语要和主要从句的主语相同，然后才可以把连接词留下来，省去主语和 be 动词，仅留下补语。

介系词短语

When you are under attack, you must take cover immediately.（受到攻击时，要立刻寻找掩护。）

这个副词从句的动词是 be 动词，补语是 under attack 介系词短语。简化后成为：

When under attack
[简化副词从句], you must take cover immediately.

形容词

While it is small in size, the company is very competitive.（这家公司规模虽小，但很有竞争力。）

副词从句中的补语是形容词 small，简化方式相同：

While small in size
[简化副词从句], the company is very competitive.

名词

Although he was a doctor by training, Asimov became a writer.（虽然接受的是做医生的训练，但阿西莫夫后来成了作家。）

副词从句中的补语是名词 a doctor，简化后成为：

Although a doctor by training, Asimov became a writer.

观察如下 3 种情形，可以作一归纳：不同于名词从句或形容词从句，副词从句的连接词是有意义的连接词，简化时常要留下来。一旦留下连接词，那么它是由副词从句简化而成这一点就十分明显。所以，拿掉主语与 be 动词后，不论什么词类的补语（名词、形容词、介系词短语），都可以留下来。

不过有 2 点需要注意：

  • 如果连接词是 before 与 after 之类，简化其后成为介系词，后面只能接名词类。
  • 另外，表示原因的连接词 because 与 since 简化后通常不能原样留下来，要改成 because of, as a result of 之类的介系词。做法请看下面说明。

改为介系词短语

针对副词从句的连接词，其有表达某种逻辑关系的意义。简化时有种特别的做法，就是把连接词改为意义近似的介系词，整个从句简化为名词后，作为介系词的宾语。

When she arrived at the party, she found all the people gone.（她到达舞会场地时，发现人都走光了。）

与连接词 when 近似的介系词有 on 和 upon。上面的句子可以改写为：

Upon arriving at the party, she found all the people gone.

因为介系词后面只有个宾语的空间，所以句型要大幅精简，所有重复、空洞的字眼都要删去，有意义的部分则尽量保留下来。通常可以把动词改成动名词（加-ing），如上例的方式处理。不过也可以这样修改：

Upon her arrival at the party, she found all the people gone. 介系词短语

动词 arrive 直接改成名词 arrival，符合词类要求而意思不变。

When she completed the proiect, she was promoted.（她完成了这项计划，就被提升了。）

同样的，副词从句可以改写为介系词加动名词。

Upon completing the project, she was promoted. 介系词短语

可是动词 complete 如改成名词 completion，就会有问题：

Upon completion the project, she was promoted.（误）

错误在于 complete 的后面有 the project 宾语。一旦变成名词的 completion，原来的宾语就无所归依，所以要再加介系词 of 来处理:

Upon completion of the project：she was promoted. 介系词短语

The construction work was delayed because it had been raining.（因为一直下雨，建筑工程就耽搁了。）

上例中副词从句的连接词可以改为介系词 because of，成为：

The construction work was delayed because of rain.

副词从句中的虚主语 it，以及动词 had been 都可以省略，有意义的只有 rain 一词要留下来。

Althought he opposed it, the plan was carried out.（虽然他反对，这个计划还是施行了。）

例句中连接词 although 和介系词 despite 或 in spite of 意思接近，可以改为：

Despite his opposition, the plan was carried out.

副词从句中的宾语 it，其内容与主要从句重复，是多余的字眼。Although 改为介系词 Despite 后，只能接一个宾语，里面要放下 he opposed 这个部分的概念，于是将词类变化为 his opposition.

If there should be a fire, the sprinkler will be started.（万一失火，洒水器会开动。）

例句中的连接词 if 和介系词 in case of 近似。改写后，副词从句中的 there should be 这几个没有内容的词都要省略，只要把有意义的 fire 一词放进去就好：

In case of a fire
[介系词短语], the sprinkler will be started.

副词从句改写为介系词短语，是大幅度的简化。许多连接词都找得到近似的介系词。然而，改过之后，只剩下一个名词的空间来装下整个从句的内容，所以要大量精简。装不下时就不要这样简化，或者另辟蹊径。

Because the exam is only a week away, I have no time to waste.（因为离考试只剩一个星期了，我不能再浪费时间。）

这个副词从句的主语 the exam 和主要从句主语 I 不同，不易简化，需改成介系词短语：

With the exam only a week away, I have no time to waste. 介系词 o c

连接词 because 改成 with 介系词。原来的主语 the exam 作它的宾语。be 动词省略后，主语补语 only a week away 就成了宾语补语，完成了简化的工作。

Test 2

练习
将下列各句中的副词从句（即画底线部分）改写为简化从句：
1.After he was told to report to his supervisor, the clerk left in a hurry.
2.Although he was ordered to leave, the soldier did not move an inch.
3.The plan must be modified before it is put into effect.
4.Because it had been bombed twice in the previous week, the village was a total wreck.
5.When all things are considered. I cannot truly say that this wasan accident.
6.When the job was done, the secretary went home.
7.He took on two extra jobs so that he could Wed his family.
8.If you are in doubt, you should look up the word in the dictionary.
9.Because pork is so expensive. Pm buying beef instead.
10.When we consider his handicap、he has done very well indeed.

练习二
请选出最适当的答案填入空格内，以使句子完整。

  1. not a big star, the actor played in hundreds of films.

(A)Although

(B)He was

(C)Because

(D)Despite

2.Eisenhauer was president of Columbia University President of the USA.

(A)before he becomes

(B)before becoming

(C)before

(D)before became

3.Gold remains stable even _ to extremely high temperatures.

(A)when is heated

(B)it is heated

(C)when to heat

(D)when heated

  1. , the stock market crashed.

(A)With investor confidence gone

(B)When investor confidence gone

(C)When investors lose confidence

(D)With investors lost con fidence

5.A monkey’s brain is small with the human brain.

(A)when they are com pared

(B)when compare

(C)compared

(D)to compare them

6.Picasso did many of his abstract paintings living in Paris.

(A)that he was

(B)during

(C)while

(D)and

  1. at correct angles, diamonds reflect light brilliantly.

(A)When carved

(B)If it is carved

(C)Carving

(D)If carving

  1. , the children gradually learned to be independent.

(A)Because their father gone

(B)Their father was gone

(C)Due to their father was gone

(D)With their father gone

9.She broke into tears the news.

(A)upon hearing

(B)because hearing

(C)when heard

(D)when she hears

  1. the truth, I know nothing about it.

(A)To tell you

(B)Telling you

(C)I tell you

(D)I told you

练习一
1.(Having been) told to report to his supervisor, the clerk left in a hurry.
2.Although ordered to leave, the soldier did not move an inch.
3.The plan must be modified before being Dut into effect.
4.(Having been) bombed twice in the previous week, the village was a total wreck.
5.All thin 費 considered, I cannot truly say that this was an accident.
6.The job done, the secretary went home.
7.He took on two extra jobs (so as) to feed his family.
8.If in doubt、you should look up the word in the dictionary.
9.With pork so expensive、I’m buying beef instead.
或 Pork being so expensive. I’m buying beef instead.
10.Considering his handicap, he has done very well indeed.
练习二
1.(A)副词从句 Although he was not a big star 的简化。
2.(B)副词从句 before he became President of the USA 的简化。
3.(D)副词从句 even when it is heated…的简化。
4.(A)副词从句 Because investor confidence was gone 简化成介系词短语。
5.(C)副词从句 when it is compared…的简化。
6.(C)副词从句 while he was living…的简化。
7.(A)副词从句 When they are carved…的简化。
8.(D)副词从句 Because their father was gone 简化为介系词短语。
9.(A)副词从句 as soon as she heard the news 简化为介系词短语。
10.(A)副词从句 If I can tell you the truth 的简化。.