认识
官网:https://www.debian.org/
文档:https://www.debian.org/doc/
仓库:https://github.com/debian
Debian is a complete Free Operating System! Debian is a free operating system (OS) for your computer. An operating system is the set of basic programs and utilities that make your computer run. Debian uses the kernel Linux (the kernel is the core of an OS), but most of the basic OS tools come from the GNU project. Thus we refer to Debian as a Debian GNU/Linux operating system, giving credit to all its main originators. Debian GNU/Linux provides much more than just the OS—a wide range of application software is included too. It comes with a total of over 118000 packages, precompiled software bundled up in a nice format for easy installation on your machine. 简而言之,Delian 是个 Linux 发行版。
组成
网络管理
Debian 就是 Debian,一如既往,将选择权交由用户,让用户选择自己的工具:
- 我们能够通过修改配置文件的方式(/etc/network/interfaces)
- 亦能自行安装网络管理工具(比如 NetworkManager、systemd-networkd 等等)
关于 Debian 的网络配置,参考官方文档:
# 03/28/2021 目前,针对 Debian 发行版,我们选择 NetworkManager 进行网络管理。但是,按照目前的态势,将来采用 systemd-networkd 的概率比较大。
软件仓库
APT,Debain 中默认的软件管理器。DEB 是 Debian 系统中的软件包文件格式,它包含了要安装的软件的二进制文件、配置文件和其他相关信息;
配置源,以提高应用的安装速度(可选):
cp /etc/apt/source.list /etc/apt/source.list.backup cat > /etc/apt/source.list <<EOF deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian stable main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian stable-updates main contrib non-free EOF apt-get update
Backports
- About backports https://backports.debian.org/Instructions/
- Debian Backports provides new packages with new features on supported Debian stable releases.
性质
提供安全更新 | Getting Debian Security Updates
- https://askubuntu.com/questions/194/how-can-i-install-just-security-updates-from-the-command-line
- https://debian-administration.org/article/241/Getting_Debian_Security_Updates
- https://serverfault.com/questions/424486/how-to-get-a-list-of-security-updates-on-the-command-line-in-debian-ubuntu
- https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch4.en.html#s-security-update
- https://lists.debian.org/debian-security-announce/
构建
版本历史
Debian version history – Wikipedia
Debian 6.0 (Squeeze) Debian 7 (Wheezy) Debian 8 (Jessie) Debian 9 (Stretch) Debian 10 (Buster) Debian 11 (Bullseye) Debian 12 (Bookworm)
安装系统
WIP
Debian 8.3 ⇒ Debian 10
How to Upgrade Debian 8 Jessie to Debian Linux 9 Stretch {safely}
How to upgrade Debian 9 to Debian 10 Buster using the CLI
问题描述
我们需要升级操作系统,对于跨版本升级,需要逐步进行。升级 Debian 8.3 到 Debian 9.13 版本,后来我们又升级到 Debian 10 版本。
该文档将记录:我们升级 Debian 8.3 到 Debian 9.13 到 Debian 10 版本的过程,并展示出通用的升级方法。
注意事项
1)在升级前,请先进行数据备份,防止系统升级失败或其他原因,而带来损失;
2)如果没有必要,不建议升级操作系统;
3)需要注意的事项及经验教训,参考 Updating your Operating System 笔记;
第一步、Debian 8.3 => Debian 9.13
# 更新系统,以使其为当前版本最新 apt-get update apt-get upgrade apt-get dist-upgrade reboot # 设置新的软件源 cat > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/debian-9.list deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian stretch main contrib non-free deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian stretch-updates main contrib non-free deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian-security stretch/updates main EOF # 更新系统,以更新到新版本 apt-get update apt-get upgrade apt-get dist-upgrade reboot # 验证升级成功 lsb_release -d
第二步、Debian 9.13 => Debian 10
# 更新系统,以使其为当前版本最新 apt-get update apt-get upgrade apt-get dist-upgrade reboot # 设置新的软件源 cat > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/debian-10.list deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian buster main contrib non-free deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian-security buster/updates main EOF # 更新系统,以更新到新版本 apt-get update apt-get upgrade apt-get dist-upgrade reboot # 验证升级成功 lsb_release -d
注意事项
我们使用 mirrors.tencentyun.com 站点是因为我们的主机在腾讯云中,这里需要按需调整。如下为官方仓库:
deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian stretch main contrib non-free deb http://httpredir.debian.org/debian stretch-updates main contrib non-free deb http://security.debian.org stretch/updates main contrib non-free
在升级过程中,总会遇到各种问题,需要根据实际情况处理。如果不能承担风险,或者处理突发问题存在困难,则不建议升级。