认识
在英语中,倒装句(Inverted Sentences)指将句子的正常语序(主语在前,谓语在后)颠倒,形成 “谓语在前,主语在后” 或 “助动词 / 情态动词在前,主语和实义动词在后” 的结构。
组成
倒装句,是种把动词(或助动词)移到主语前面的句型。
注意:并非所有的句子都能倒装。
构造
以下的整理涵盖了英语中重要的倒装句型。以下分别就几种重要的倒装句来看看它倒装的条件,以及可达到的修辞效果。
一般的疑问句
根据定义来看,一般的疑问句都可以算是倒装句。
注意,针对疑问句,其只具有语法功能的倒装句。撇开疑问句不谈,比较值得研究的是具有修辞功能的倒装句。
简单的倒装句
Mary is pretty. So is her sister.(玛丽很美,她妹妹也很美。)
低频的倒装句
像某些祈使句的句型:
Long live the King!(国王万岁!)
这些也是倒装句,可是不需要深入探讨。
比较级的倒装
在开始谈比较级的倒装前,有一些关于比较级的修辞问题应先弄清楚,请看这个例子:
1.Girls like cats more than boys.(不清楚)
3.Girls like cats more than they like boys.(女孩比较喜欢猫,比较不喜欢男孩。)
do boys
[倒装句], who as a rule are a cruel lot.(女孩比男孩更喜欢猫——男孩通常都很残酷。)
比较级需要用到倒装句的情形,其大抵都是这样:
- 一、从属从句中的助动词或 do 动词不宜省略。
- 二、主语后面有比较长的修饰语。
关系从句的倒装
关系从句中的关系词,如果不是原来就在句首位置,就要向前移到句首让它发挥连接词的功能。
1、The President is a man.(总统是一个人。)
2、A heavy responsibility, whether he likes it or not, falls on him.(不论他喜不喜欢,他负有重大的责任。)
whom
[关系词]
a heavy responsibility
[关系从句主语], whether he likes it or not,
falls
[关系从句动词].(不佳)
[倒装句],whether he likes it or not. (总统负有重大责任,不论他喜不喜欢。)
要注意的是,关系词必须先向句首移动,造成顺序的反常,才有倒装的可能。如果关系词没有移动就不能倒装。
The President is a man who bears a lot of responsibility.
假设语气的倒装
这种倒装比较单纯。在假设语气的副词从句中(往往是由 if 引导的),如果有 be 动词或助动词,就可以考虑倒装。做法是把连接词(例如 if)省略掉,把 be 动词或助动词移到主语前面,来取代连接词的功能。
If I had been there I could have done something to help. (如果当时我在场,就可以帮得上忙。)
[倒装句], I could have done something to help.
但是,在副词从句中,若没有 be 动词或助动词,就缺乏可倒装的工具,因而不能使用倒装。
引用句的倒装
在直接引句(用到双引号者)与间接引句(没有用双引号者)中,都可以选择使用倒装句来凸显出句中的重点。
The police said, “None was killed in the accident.”[O 直接引句](警方说:“这桩车祸无人死亡。”)
接下来看间接引句:
The WHO warns that cholera is coming back[O 间接引句].(世界卫生组织警告:霍乱已死灰复燃。)
类似 there is/are 的倒装
这种倒装句是把地方副词挪到句首,句型和 there is/are 的句型很接近,修辞功能在于强调语气,以及衔接上下文。
There[地方副词] goes the train!(你看,火车开走了!)
Here[地方副词] is your ticket for the opera!(你的歌剧票,拿去吧!)
除了 here, there 之外,其他的地方副词也可以倒装。
In Loch Ness[地方副词] dwells a mysterious monster.(尼斯湖里住着一头神秘的水怪。)
有时候可以使用这种倒装句来加强上下文的衔接。
To the west of Taiwan lies Southern China. To the east spreads the expanse of the Pacific.(台湾西方是华南,东方是浩瀚的太平洋。)
否定副词开头的倒装
如果把表示否定意味的副词(not、never, hardly )挪到句首来强调语气,就得使用倒装句。
We don’t have such luck every day. (我们不是每天都能有这种运气。)
I will not stop waiting for you until you are married.(除非你结婚,否则我会一直等你。)
另外有一些副词,像 hardly, barely 等等,虽然不是一般否定句用的 not,不过功能与用法都类似,移到句首时也要倒装。例如:
I had hardly sat down to work when the phone rang.(我刚坐下来要做事,电话就响了。)
不过,下面这个句子就不要倒装:
Hardly anyone knew him.(几乎没有人认识他。)
同样的情形也见于 only 一字的变化。请看这个例子:
Only I saw him yesterday.(昨天只有我见到他。)
下面这个句子则不同:
I saw him yesterday.(我见到他,不过是昨天的事。)
再比较一下这两个句子:
1、Gradually they became close friends.
2、Only gradually did they become close friends.
not only 和 but also 配合时,如果选择倒装,变化比较复杂。请看这个例子:
He not only passed the exam but also scored at the top.(他不但及格了,还考了第一。)
but also scored at the top.(误)
性质
倒装句的主要作用是强调、突出信息,或满足语法规则、使句子结构平衡。
恰当地运用倒装句,可以强调语气、增强清楚性与简洁性,以及更流畅地衔接前后的句子。
应用
Test
请选出最适当的答案填入空格内,以使句子完整。
1.The students were warned that on no account to cheat.
(A)they were
(B)were they
(C)they should
(D)they can
- make up for lost time.
(A)Only by working hard we can
(B)By only working hard we can
(C)Only by working hard can we
(D)By only working hard can we
3.Rarely such nonsense.
(A)I have heard
(B)have I heard
(C)I do hear
(D)don’t I hear
- perched a large black bird.
(A)Often
(B)Suddenly
(C)On the wire
(D)It
5.Only just now to him about the things to heed while riding a motorcycle.
(A)I talked
(B)was I talking
(C)talked I
(D)I was talked
6.John was as confused about the rules .
(A)as were the other con testants
(B)as the other contestants had
(C)than were the other con testants
(D)than the other contes tants had
7.An IBM PC 286 is as powerful on NASA’s Voyager II.
(A)than the mainframe computer is
(B)than is the mainframe computer
(C)as the mainframe computer is powerful
(D)as is the mainframe computer
8.The New Testament is a book the life and teachings of Jesus.
(A)which can be found
(B)in which can be found
(C)which can find
(D)in which can find
9.Not until the doctor was sure everything was all right the emergency room.
(A)he left
(B)left he
(C)did he leave
(D)he did leave
- , man could die out.
(A)World War III should ever break out
(B)If should World War III ever break out
(C)If World War III should have broken out
(D)Should World War III ever break out
11.The results, , the leading journal of science, indicate that the experimental procedure is flawed.
(A)says Nature
(B)Nature says
(C)which says Nature
(D)which Nature says
12.Across the street from the station .
(A)stood an old drugstore
(B)it stood an old drugstore
(C)where an old drugstore stood
(D)which stood an old drugstore
(A)none could I reach
(B)could I reach none
(C)I could none reach
(D)I none could reach
- trouble you again.
(A)Never will I
(B)Not I will ever
(C)Will not ever I
(D)Never I will
15.Not until you paint your first oil color the difference between theory and practice.
(A)you find out
(B)and find out
(C)finding out
(D)do you find out
16., a baby deer is bom, it struggles to stand on its own feet.
(A)No sooner
(B)As soon as
(C)So soon as
(D)Not sooner that
- the invention of the movable print, books were mostly copied by hand and cost far more than ordinary people could afford.
(A)After
(B)Until
(C)Not until
(D)Because of
- _ did I find out that he was dead.
(A)A moment ago
(B)Only a moment ago
(C)An only moment ago
(D)For a moment
19.Henry James is is his philosopher brother William.
(A)famous and also
(B)as famous as
(C)famous so
(D)equally famous
- _ does the recluse venture out of his hermitage.
(A)Seldom
(B)Often
(C)Occasionally
(D)Sometimes
Answ 霍嬖
22
1.(B)
on no account 是否定副词短语,移至 that 从句句首即需倒装。
2.(C)
only by working hard 因有 only 修饰,在句首要倒装。
3.(B)
rarely 有否定功能,置于句首要倒装。
4.(C)
地方副词置于句首,类似 there is/are 的句型,方可倒装,故选 C。
5.(B)
因有 only just now 在句首,要倒装。
(A)前有 as confused,后面要有 as (入或日)。因为前面是 John was confused,有 be 动词,后面不能用 had 来代表,应用 be 动词,故选 A,这是比较级的倒装。
6.(D) : Ln..”,一”.八上
上文 as 要求用 as 作连接,C 错在 powerful 不应重复。
7.(B) 科 *’;■ – W E
原句是 The life and teachings of Jesus can be found in the book,改成关系从句再倒装;即是 B。
8.(C)
not until 移到句首要用倒装句型。
9.(D)
原句是 If World War HI should ever break out…,省略 If 后倒装即是 D。
10.(A)
原句是间接引句,Nature says the results…改成倒装句成为 A 会比不倒装的 B 好,因为空格后的 the leading journal of science 是 Nature 的同位语,两者应该在一起。
11.(A) –
地方副词 across the street from the station 移到句首而成倒装句,类似 there is/are 的句型。
12.(A)
是 I could reach none 的倒装。.
13.(A)
是 I will never trouble you again 的倒装句。
14.(D)
not until 移到句首要倒装。
15.(B) .
答案 A 要用倒装句,C 和 D 都不是正确的连接词,只有 B 能引导后面那个没有倒装的从句。
16.(B)
“活版印刷发明前,书原来都是用手抄,一般人根本买不起。”从句意来看,只有 until 符合。
17.(B)
下文是倒装句,所以选择要求倒装的 only。
18.(B)
比较级后面倒装了。
19.(A)
下文是倒装句,所以选择要求倒装的 seldomD ,
页数=440 出版社=九洲出版社出版日期=2001